1. Introduction Underground drainage pipelines form the critical infrastructure of modern cities, yet they are constantly subjected to deterioratio……

I. Introduction Underground drainage pipelines form the backbone of modern urban infrastructure, carrying wastewater and stormwater away from popul……

I. Introduction Underground drainage concrete pipes form a critical component of urban infrastructure systems, facilitating the efficient conveyanc……

I. Introduction Underground drainage systems form the backbone of modern urban infrastructure, carrying wastewater, stormwater, and industrial effl……

1. Introduction Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) inspection technology has revolutionized the assessment and maintenance of underground drainage pi……