Technical Specification for Continued Construction, Supporting Facilities, and Water-saving Renovation of Pishihang Irrigation District

1. Project Overview and Background

1.1 General Information of Pishihang Irrigation District

The Pishihang Irrigation District is located in the central and western parts of Anhui Province and the southeastern part of Henan Province. It is the general term for three adjacent irrigation districts: Pihe, Shihe, and Hangbuhe. With a control area of 14,740 square kilometers, the district spans across the Yangtze and Huaihe river basins, benefiting 17 counties (districts) in 4 cities of 2 provinces (Anhui and Henan).(1)

The irrigation district was initiated in 1958 and basically completed in 1972, making it the largest irrigation district constructed after the founding of New China. Its engineering system centers around five major reservoirs (Foziling, Meishan, Xianghongdian, Mozitan, and Longhekou), forming a "long vine with melons" network through 25,000 kilometers of channels.(2)

With a designed irrigation area of 11.98 million mu and an actual irrigation area of 10.6 million mu, Pishihang is one of the largest irrigation districts in China, serving multiple functions including agricultural irrigation, urban water supply, flood control, power generation, tourism, and ecological water supply.(3)

Strategically, the district is home to 14 million people, accounting for about 1/5 of Anhui Province's population. The area within Anhui Province covers 13,000 square kilometers (1/10 of the province), with 11.6 million mu of arable land (1/6 of the province). The effective irrigation area is 10.6 million mu (about 1/4 of the province), and the annual grain output under normal conditions is more than 7 million tons (about 1/5 of Anhui Province and 1/100 of the whole country). The regional GDP accounts for nearly 1/3 of Anhui Province.(4)

1.2 Main Existing Problems

Despite the significant role played by the Pishihang Irrigation District in regional economic and social development, with the increase in operating time, the district faces a series of problems:

Aging Engineering Facilities: Most of the irrigation district's projects were built in the 1950s-1970s. Limited by technical, material, and financial conditions at that time, the engineering standards were low, and aging and disrepair are severe. Canal seepage is serious, and canal structures are damaged, affecting the safe operation and benefit of the projects.(5)
Incomplete Irrigation and Drainage System: The irrigation and drainage system is not fully supported. Some channels are severely silted, and water conveyance capacity is insufficient. The flood control standard of some canal sections is low, posing safety hazards.(6)
Low Water Resource Utilization Efficiency: The water utilization coefficient of the canal system is low, averaging about 0.5, which is lower than the level of developed countries (0.78 in the United States, 0.60-0.7 in the former Soviet Union, 0.61 in Japan, and 0.58 in Pakistan). The irrigation water utilization rate is only 0.45, resulting in serious waste of water resources.(7)
Backward Management Facilities: The informatization level of the irrigation district is low, with insufficient water measurement facilities and backward management methods, making it difficult to meet the requirements of modern management.(8)
Ecological and Environmental Issues: The water quality of some channels has deteriorated, and ecological flow is insufficient, affecting the health of aquatic ecosystems.(9)

1.3 Renovation Objectives and Tasks

In response to the above problems, Pishihang Irrigation District has launched a continuation, supporting facilities, and water-saving renovation project. The main objectives include:

Improve Engineering Safety Guarantee Capacity: Through the reinforcement of dangerous buildings and the treatment of dangerous sections, improve the engineering safety guarantee capacity.(10)
Improve Water Resource Utilization Efficiency: Through canal anti-seepage lining, improvement of water measurement facilities, and other measures, improve the water utilization coefficient of the canal system and irrigation water utilization rate.(11)
Improve Irrigation Conditions: Through the continuation and supporting facilities of the irrigation district, improve irrigation conditions, expand the irrigation area, and increase the irrigation guarantee rate.(12)
Promote the Construction of a Water-saving Society: Through the promotion of water-saving irrigation technologies, promote agricultural water conservation, and improve water resource utilization efficiency.(13)
Enhance Modern Management Level: Through informatization construction, enhance the modern management level of the irrigation district, and achieve scientific scheduling and refined management.(14)

According to the plan, through the continuation, supporting facilities, and water-saving renovation of the irrigation district's canal system and structures, and the implementation of water-saving irrigation technologies such as "shallow-wet-intermittent" irrigation for rice, the average annual water saving can reach 1.5 billion cubic meters (of which 0.7 billion cubic meters from the continuation and supporting facilities project and 0.8 billion cubic meters from water-saving irrigation technologies), with a water-saving rate per unit area of 28%.(15)

2. Key Technology Applications and Case Analysis

2.1 Canal Anti-seepage Lining Technology

2.1.1 Technical Principles and Processes

Canal anti-seepage lining is the core technology of water-saving renovation in Pishihang Irrigation District. Its principle is to reduce canal seepage losses and improve the water utilization coefficient of the canal system by setting up anti-seepage layers on the canal surface. According to the "Design Standard for Irrigation and Drainage Engineering" (GB 50288-2018), when the water utilization coefficient of the canal system does not meet the requirements or in areas with scarce water resources, lining and anti-seepage measures should be taken.(16)

Main anti-seepage lining technologies include:

Concrete Lining Anti-seepage:
- In-situ Cast Concrete: Directly cast concrete on the canal bed surface to form a continuous anti-seepage layer. Its advantages are good anti-seepage effect, high strength, and strong durability; disadvantages are complex construction and high cost.(17)
- Precast Concrete Slab Lining: Precast concrete slabs in the factory, then lay them on-site. Its advantages are fast construction speed and easy quality control; disadvantages are many joints, requiring high anti-seepage treatment.(18)
Membrane Material Anti-seepage:
- Buried Membrane Material Anti-seepage: Lay plastic film, composite geomembrane and other materials on the canal bed surface, then cover with protective layer. Its advantages are good anti-seepage effect, light weight, and convenient transportation; disadvantages are easy to be damaged by sharp objects, requiring reliable protective layer.(19)
- Composite Geomembrane Anti-seepage: Composed of geomembrane and geotextile, with high tensile strength and puncture resistance, good anti-seepage effect.(20)
Stone Masonry Anti-seepage:
- Mortar Stone Masonry Anti-seepage: Use cement mortar to lay block stone, dressed stone or stone slab to form an anti-seepage layer. Its advantages are strong scouring resistance and good durability; disadvantages are average anti-seepage effect, need to cooperate with other anti-seepage measures.(21)
- Dry-laid Pebble with Silt Anti-seepage: After dry-laying pebbles, form an anti-seepage layer through water flow carrying sediment deposition. Its advantages are low cost; disadvantages are unstable anti-seepage effect, need regular maintenance.(22)
Asphalt Concrete Anti-seepage:
- In-situ Cast Asphalt Concrete: Cast asphalt concrete on the canal bed surface to form an anti-seepage layer. Its advantages are strong anti-seepage ability and good adaptability to frost heave deformation; disadvantages are lack of asphalt sources and construction affected by climate.(23)

According to the "Design Standard for Irrigation and Drainage Engineering" (GB 50288-2018), the anti-seepage lining structure thickness of grade 4 and above channels can be determined according to Table 1:

Anti-seepage Lining Structure Category	Suitable Thickness (cm)
Mortar-laid Pebble, Dry-laid Pebble (with Silt)	10~30
Mortar-laid Block Stone	20~30
Mortar-laid Dressed Stone	15~25
Mortar-laid Stone Slab	>3
Buried Membrane Material (Soil Protective Layer)	Membrane Material Underlay (Clay, Sand, Lime Soil) 3~5, Membrane Material Upper Soil Protective Layer (Compacted) 40~70
In-situ Cast Asphalt Concrete	5~10
Precast Asphalt Concrete	5~8
In-situ Cast Concrete (Unreinforced)	6~15
In-situ Cast Concrete (Reinforced)	8~12
Precast Concrete	6~10
Shotcrete Construction Concrete	4~8

Table 1 Suitable Thickness of Anti-seepage Lining Structures for Grade 4 and Above Channels

2.1.2 Case Analysis: Zhongxing Branch Canal Feiji Branch Canal Anti-seepage Renovation Project

Project Overview: The continuation, supporting facilities and modernization renovation project of Zhongxing Branch Canal Feiji Branch Canal (0+000～6+600) is located in Feidong County. The project scope is the section of Feiji Branch Canal of Zhongxing Branch Canal from stake 0+000 to 6+600, with a length of 6.6km. The main building level is 5.(24)

Renovation Content:

Channel desilting with a length of 1.7km
Canal embankment heightening and strengthening with a length of 3.25km
Slope treatment in excavation section with a length of 9.76km
Channel lining with a length of 11.086km
Relocation and reconstruction of Sizhou Branch Canal Intake Sluice
Demolition and reconstruction of 5 water release culverts, new construction of 4 water release culverts
Demolition and reconstruction of 1 drop structure, new construction of 1 drop structure
New construction of 1 aqueduct
Demolition and reconstruction of 5 farm bridges, reinforcement of 3 farm bridges
New construction of management road with a length of 3.62km
Reinforcement and renovation of management houses, etc.(25)

Anti-seepage Lining Technology Application:

Channel Lining: Adopt C20W4F50 concrete precast locking block revetment, with a total area of about 1,540,796.63 yuan.(26)
Expansion Joint Treatment: According to the requirements of "Design Standard for Irrigation and Drainage Engineering" (GB 50288-2018), precast concrete lining slabs are provided with a longitudinal expansion joint every 4m～8m and a transverse expansion joint every 6m～ The width of the expansion joint is not less than 1.5cm, and the joint is filled with filler that can adapt to structural deformation, has strong adhesion and good anti-seepage performance.(27)
Drainage Facilities: Vertical and horizontal drainage pipes are set under the lining layer to timely drain the accumulated water after lining and reduce the seepage pressure.(28)

Implementation Effect:

The anti-seepage effect of the channel is remarkable, and the water utilization coefficient of the canal system has increased from 0.50 before renovation to 0.56.
The irrigation water utilization coefficient has increased from 0.45 before renovation to 0.52.
The improved irrigation area is about 272,000 mu, and the designed irrigation guarantee rate has reached 80%.
The annual water saving is about 363.56 million cubic meters, and the grain yield per mu has increased from 485kg/mu to 514kg/mu.(29)

2.1.3 Technical Comparison and Analysis

Based on the practical experience of Pishihang Irrigation District over the years and the provisions of the "Technical Code for Canal Anti-seepage Engineering" (GB/T 50600), a comparative analysis of several main anti-seepage lining technologies is carried out:

Technical Type	Advantages	Disadvantages	Application Conditions
Concrete Lining	Good anti-seepage effect, high strength, strong durability, strong scouring resistance, small roughness, large water conveyance capacity	Complex construction, high cost, poor adaptability to deformation, prone to cracks	All types of channels, especially large and medium-sized channels and high-velocity channels
Membrane Material Anti-seepage	Good anti-seepage effect, light weight, convenient transportation, relatively low price	Easy to be damaged by sharp objects, need reliable protective layer, limited anti-aging performance, relatively short service life	Medium and small channels and large channels with high anti-seepage requirements
Stone Masonry Anti-seepage	Strong scouring resistance, good durability, local materials, relatively low cost	Average anti-seepage effect, need to cooperate with other anti-seepage measures, slow construction speed	Channels in stone-rich areas, especially channels with scouring resistance requirements
Asphalt Concrete Anti-seepage	Strong anti-seepage ability, good adaptability to frost heave deformation, good temperature stability	Lack of asphalt sources, construction affected by climate, high construction technology requirements	Cold regions and channels with special requirements

Optimal Technology Selection Recommendations:

Large Channels: Give priority to concrete lining or composite structure of membrane material anti-seepage + concrete slab protection.
Medium-sized Channels: Can adopt concrete lining, membrane material anti-seepage or stone masonry anti-seepage, determined according to local material supply and geological conditions.
Small Channels: Can adopt precast concrete block lining, membrane material anti-seepage or cement soil anti-seepage, focusing on economy and construction convenience.
Channels in Cold Regions: Give priority to asphalt concrete anti-seepage or reinforced concrete anti-seepage to improve frost heave resistance.
High-velocity Channels: Give priority to concrete lining or mortar-laid stone anti-seepage to improve scouring resistance.

2.2 Renovation Technology for Canal System Structures

2.2.1 Technical Principles and Processes

Canal system structures are important components of irrigation district projects, including sluice gates, culverts, aqueducts, siphons, drops and steep slopes, etc. The renovation technologies for these structures mainly include three aspects: structural reinforcement, anti-seepage treatment and function improvement.

Main Renovation Technologies Include:

Sluice Renovation Technology:
- Structural Reinforcement: Reinforce the sluice chamber, sluice piers, wing walls and other structures to improve structural stability and bearing capacity. Common methods include steel plate bonding, carbon fiber cloth reinforcement, and section enlargement method.(30)
- Anti-seepage Treatment: Carry out anti-seepage treatment on the sluice foundation and bank walls. Common methods include high-pressure jet grouting and multi-head small-diameter cut-off wall.(31)
- Gate and Hoist Equipment Renewal: Replace aging gates and hoist equipment to improve the sealing performance and operation flexibility of the gates.(32)
Culvert Renovation Technology:
- Structural Reinforcement: Reinforce the culvert body and inlet/outlet sections. Common methods include lining concrete and steel plate bonding.(33)
- Anti-seepage Treatment: Carry out anti-seepage treatment on the culvert foundation and body. Common methods include grouting and laying anti-seepage membranes.(34)
- Inlet/outlet Section Renovation: Renovate the inlet/outlet sections to improve flow conditions and increase water conveyance capacity.(35)
Aqueduct Renovation Technology:
- Structural Reinforcement: Reinforce the aqueduct body, aqueduct piers and foundations. Common methods include steel plate bonding, carbon fiber cloth reinforcement and adding supports.(36)
- Anti-seepage Treatment: Carry out anti-seepage treatment on the aqueduct body. Common methods include applying anti-seepage coatings and laying anti-seepage membranes.(37)
- Inlet/outlet Connection Section Renovation: Improve the flow conditions of the inlet/outlet connection sections to reduce head loss.(38)
Siphon Renovation Technology:
- Structural Reinforcement: Reinforce the pipe body and inlet/outlet sections. Common methods include lining concrete and steel plate bonding.(39)
- Anti-seepage Treatment: Carry out anti-seepage treatment on the pipe body and foundation. Common methods include grouting and laying anti-seepage membranes.(40)
- Inlet/outlet Section Renovation: Improve the flow conditions of the inlet/outlet sections to increase water conveyance capacity.(41)
Drop and Steep Slope Renovation Technology:
- Structural Reinforcement: Reinforce the drop walls, stilling basins and other structures to improve scouring resistance.(42)
- Anti-seepage Treatment: Carry out anti-seepage treatment on the linings of drops and steep slopes. Common methods include applying anti-seepage coatings and laying anti-seepage membranes.(43)
- Energy Dissipation Facility Renovation: Optimize the design of energy dissipation facilities to improve energy dissipation effect and reduce downstream scouring.(44)

2.2.2 Case Analysis: Jiangjunshan Aqueduct Anti-seepage Renovation Project

Project Overview: Jiangjunshan Aqueduct is an important structure in Pishihang Irrigation District. Due to long-term operation, cracks, seepage and other problems have occurred in the aqueduct body, affecting the safety of the project and water conveyance efficiency.(45)

Renovation Content:

Structural Detection and Assessment: Conduct a comprehensive detection of the aqueduct structure to assess the structural safety status and seepage situation.
Structural Reinforcement: Reinforce the aqueduct body and piers to improve structural bearing capacity.
Anti-seepage Treatment: Apply SCL anti-seepage membrane to the aqueduct for comprehensive anti-seepage treatment.
Inlet/outlet Connection Section Renovation: Improve the flow conditions of the inlet/outlet connection sections to reduce head loss.(46)

Anti-seepage Treatment Technology Application:

SCL Anti-seepage Membrane Selection: According to the structural characteristics and anti-seepage requirements of the aqueduct, SCL anti-seepage membrane is selected as the main anti-seepage material. This material has good anti-seepage performance, anti-aging performance and adaptability to deformation.
Anti-seepage Membrane Laying: The SCL anti-seepage membrane is laid and installed by pasting method. The end is fixed with pressure strips and bolts. The anti-seepage membranes are overlapped with each other and heat-welded by special equipment. The welding width is greater than 50mm.
Detail Treatment: Special treatment is carried out on 阴阳角，expansion joints, pipes through the aqueduct and other parts to ensure the anti-seepage effect.(47)

Implementation Effect:

Remarkable Anti-seepage Effect: The seepage volume of the aqueduct has decreased from 0.5L/min per meter of aqueduct body before renovation to less than 0.05L/min, meeting the design requirements.
Improved Structural Safety: Through structural reinforcement, the bearing capacity of the aqueduct has increased by 20%, meeting the design requirements.
Enhanced Water Conveyance Capacity: Through the renovation of the inlet/outlet connection sections, the head loss of the aqueduct has been reduced by 15%, improving water conveyance efficiency.
Extended Service Life: It is expected that the service life of the aqueduct can be extended by more than 30 years, reducing the later maintenance cost.

2.2.3 Technical Comparison and Analysis

Based on the practical experience of Pishihang Irrigation District over the years, a comparative analysis of several main renovation technologies for canal system structures is carried out:

Technical Type	Advantages	Disadvantages	Application Conditions
High-pressure Jet Grouting	Simple construction equipment, mature technology, good anti-seepage effect	Limited effective treatment depth, requires adaptability to stratum	Seepage control treatment of loose stratum and soft foundation
Multi-head Small-diameter Cut-off Wall	Good wall continuity, reliable anti-seepage effect, fast construction speed	Large equipment investment, requires adaptability to stratum	Seepage control treatment of various strata, especially deep overburden
Steel Plate Bonding Reinforcement	Simple construction, remarkable reinforcement effect, no increase in structural size	High anti-corrosion treatment requirements, high maintenance cost	Bending and shear reinforcement of concrete structures
Carbon Fiber Cloth Reinforcement	Light weight, high strength, convenient construction, corrosion resistance	Poor fire resistance, requires professional construction team	Bending and shear reinforcement of concrete structures
Lining Concrete Reinforcement	Good reinforcement effect, strong durability, can improve flow conditions at the same time	Complex construction, increases structural size	Integral reinforcement and anti-seepage treatment of hydraulic structures
Anti-seepage Membrane Anti-seepage	Good anti-seepage effect, light weight, convenient construction	Easy to be damaged, needs reliable protective layer, limited service life	Anti-seepage treatment of various hydraulic structures, especially structural surface anti-seepage

Optimal Technology Selection Recommendations:

Sluice Renovation:
- Structural Reinforcement: Give priority to steel plate bonding or carbon fiber cloth reinforcement. For severely damaged structures, lining concrete reinforcement can be used.
- Anti-seepage Treatment: Give priority to multi-head small-diameter cut-off wall or high-pressure jet grouting to improve the anti-seepage effect.
- Gates and Hoist Equipment: Give priority to new composite material gates and automatic hoist equipment to improve sealing performance and operation flexibility.
Culvert Renovation:
- Structural Reinforcement: Give priority to lining concrete or steel plate bonding reinforcement to improve structural bearing capacity.
- Anti-seepage Treatment: Give priority to anti-seepage membrane or grouting treatment to improve the anti-seepage effect.
- Inlet/outlet Section Renovation: Optimize the design of inlet/outlet sections, adopt streamlined design to reduce head loss.
Aqueduct Renovation:
- Structural Reinforcement: Give priority to steel plate bonding or carbon fiber cloth reinforcement. For long-span aqueducts, additional support structures can be added.
- Anti-seepage Treatment: Give priority to anti-seepage membrane or anti-seepage coating to improve the anti-seepage effect.
- Inlet/outlet Connection Section Renovation: Optimize the design of inlet/outlet connection sections to reduce head loss.
Siphon Renovation:
- Structural Reinforcement: Give priority to lining concrete or steel plate bonding reinforcement to improve structural bearing capacity.
- Anti-seepage Treatment: Give priority to anti-seepage membrane or grouting treatment to improve the anti-seepage effect.
- Inlet/outlet Section Renovation: Optimize the design of inlet/outlet sections to reduce head loss.
Drop and Steep Slope Renovation:
- Structural Reinforcement: Give priority to lining concrete or steel plate bonding reinforcement to improve scouring resistance.
- Anti-seepage Treatment: Give priority to anti-seepage membrane or anti-seepage coating to improve the anti-seepage effect.
- Energy Dissipation Facility Renovation: Optimize the design of energy dissipation facilities, adopt new energy dissipation devices to improve energy dissipation effect.

2.3 Water-saving Irrigation Technology

2.3.1 Technical Principles and Processes

Water-saving irrigation technology is an important content of water-saving renovation in Pishihang Irrigation District. Its principle is to reduce irrigation water consumption and improve crop yield and water use efficiency by improving irrigation methods, optimizing irrigation systems, and enhancing irrigation water utilization efficiency.

Main Water-saving Irrigation Technologies Include:

Canal Anti-seepage Water-saving Technology: Reduce seepage losses in canals through anti-seepage lining of canals at all levels, improving the water utilization coefficient of the canal system.
Field Water-saving Technologies:
- Low-pressure Pipeline Water Delivery Technology: Replace open channels with pipelines for water delivery, reducing evaporation and seepage losses during water delivery.
- Sprinkler Irrigation Technology: Use specialized equipment to spray water into the air, forming small water droplets that evenly sprinkle on the field for irrigation.
- Micro-irrigation Technology: Including drip irrigation, micro-spray irrigation, bubbler irrigation, etc., which is a localized irrigation technology that delivers water directly to the root zone of crops, improving water use efficiency.
- Rice "Shallow-Wet-Intermittent" Irrigation Technology: By controlling the water level in rice fields, adopting irrigation methods of shallow irrigation, moistening, and intermittent irrigation, reducing ineffective evaporation and deep seepage.
Irrigation System Optimization Technologies:
- Crop Water Requirement Prediction Technology: According to crop growth characteristics, meteorological conditions and soil moisture conditions, predict crop water requirements, and reasonably determine irrigation time and irrigation amount.
- Non-full Irrigation Technology: In areas with scarce water resources, according to the crop water production function, optimize the allocation of irrigation water to maximize economic benefits with limited water resources.
- Real-time Irrigation Forecasting Technology: Use real-time meteorological data and soil moisture monitoring data to predict crop water requirements and adjust irrigation plans in a timely manner.
Water Measurement and Monitoring Technologies:
- Canal Water Measurement Technology: Including water level-flow relationship method, water measurement structure method, current meter method, etc., used to measure the water delivery flow of canals.
- Field Water Measurement Technology: Including water meter method, water measuring weir method, current meter method, etc., used to measure field irrigation water volume.
- Intelligent Water Measurement and Monitoring Technology: Use sensor technology, computer technology and communication technology to achieve automatic and intelligent water measurement and monitoring.

According to the "Design Standard for Irrigation and Drainage Engineering" (GB 50288-2018), the anti-seepage rate of canals should meet: large irrigation districts should not be less than 40%; medium irrigation districts should not be less than 50%; small irrigation districts should not be less than 70%; well irrigation districts, if using fixed channels for water delivery, should be fully anti-seepage.

2.3.2 Case Analysis: Feidong County Zhongxing Station Irrigation District Water-saving Renovation Project

Project Overview: The designed irrigation area of Zhongxing Station Irrigation District in Feidong County is 272,000 mu, mainly irrigating Bailong and Yuantuan towns. The designed irrigation guarantee rate of the irrigation district is 80%.

Renovation Content:

Canal Anti-seepage Lining: Carry out desilting, concrete bottom protection and precast block revetment on 7.22km of channels including the first and second-level main canals, the second-level east main canal and the third-level Shuangmiao main canal.
Renovation of Canal System Structures: Build 1.03km of concrete gravity retaining walls for the second-level main canal, rebuild and renovate regulating sluices, under-channel culverts, water release culverts and other canal structures.
Construction of Water Measurement and Monitoring Facilities: Install automatic control systems and water measurement and metering facilities at four stations including Zhongxing First Station, Zhongxing Second Station, Yuantuan Third Station, and Tongxin Third Station. Install water level and flow automatic monitoring systems at four sluices including Wangwawu Regulating Sluice in the irrigation district.
Field Water-saving Engineering: Promote rice "shallow-wet-intermittent" irrigation technology and renovate field irrigation and drainage systems.

Water-saving Technology Application:

Canal Anti-seepage Technology: Use C20 concrete precast blocks for anti-seepage lining of channels, with a lining thickness of 8cm, improving the water utilization coefficient of the canal system.
Low-pressure Pipeline Water Delivery Technology: In some areas, use low-pressure pipelines instead of open channels for water delivery, reducing water delivery losses.
Intelligent Water Measurement and Monitoring Technology: Install ultrasonic flowmeters, water level gauges and other equipment to achieve real-time monitoring and automatic control of canal flow and water level.
Rice "Shallow-Wet-Intermittent" Irrigation Technology: According to the water requirement characteristics of rice at different growth stages, adopt irrigation methods of shallow irrigation, moistening, and intermittent irrigation to reduce ineffective evaporation and deep seepage.

Implementation Effect:

Remarkable Water-saving Effect: After the implementation of the project, the annual water saving is about 363.56 million cubic meters, with a water-saving rate per unit area of 28%.
Improved Irrigation Water Utilization Coefficient: The irrigation water utilization coefficient has increased from 0.45 before renovation to 0.52.
Increased Crop Yield: The grain yield per mu has increased from 485kg/mu to 514kg/mu, with an increase rate of about 6%.
Improved Irrigation Guarantee Rate: The irrigation guarantee rate has increased from less than 60% before renovation to 80%, meeting the design requirements.
Enhanced Management Efficiency: Through the automatic control system and water measurement and monitoring facilities, precise control and scientific scheduling of irrigation have been realized, improving management efficiency.

2.3.3 Technical Comparison and Analysis

Based on the practical experience of Pishihang Irrigation District over the years and the provisions of the "Design Standard for Irrigation and Drainage Engineering" (GB 50288-2018), a comparative analysis of several main water-saving irrigation technologies is carried out:

Technical Type	Advantages	Disadvantages	Application Conditions
Canal Anti-seepage Water-saving Technology	Relatively small investment, remarkable water-saving effect, can improve water conveyance capacity at the same time	Large one-time investment, long construction period, difficult to renovate existing channels	Canals at all levels, especially canals with serious seepage
Low-pressure Pipeline Water Delivery Technology	Small water delivery loss, less land occupation, convenient management, strong adaptability	Large investment, high maintenance cost, high requirement for water quality	All types of irrigation districts, especially well irrigation districts and areas with scarce water resources
Sprinkler Irrigation Technology	Good water-saving effect, saves land and labor, strong adaptability, beneficial to crop growth	Large investment, high energy consumption, affected by wind, high requirement for water quality	Cash crops and field crops in areas with better economic conditions and scarce water resources
Micro-irrigation Technology	Best water-saving effect, saves water and fertilizer, remarkable yield increase effect	Largest investment, high maintenance and management requirements, easy to block	Cash crops, protected agriculture and areas with extremely scarce water resources
Rice "Shallow-Wet-Intermittent" Irrigation Technology	Remarkable water-saving effect, good yield increase effect, small investment, easy to promote	Requires strengthened field management, higher technical requirements	Rice planting areas, especially areas with scarce water resources

Optimal Technology Selection Recommendations:

Large Irrigation Districts: Give priority to canal anti-seepage technology and low-pressure pipeline water delivery technology, combined with intelligent water measurement and monitoring technology, to improve the water utilization coefficient of the canal system and management level.
Medium Irrigation Districts: Can adopt a combination of canal anti-seepage technology, low-pressure pipeline water delivery technology and sprinkler irrigation technology, selecting appropriate technologies according to different crops and topographic conditions.
Small Irrigation Districts: Can adopt canal anti-seepage technology, low-pressure pipeline water delivery technology and micro-irrigation technology, focusing on investment benefits and practicality.
Rice Planting Areas: Give priority to rice "shallow-wet-intermittent" irrigation technology, combined with canal anti-seepage and low-pressure pipeline water delivery technology, to improve rice water use efficiency.
Cash Crop Areas: Give priority to sprinkler or micro-irrigation technology to improve water use efficiency and crop yield.
Areas with Scarce Water Resources: Comprehensively adopt various water-saving technologies to form a complete water-saving irrigation system, maximizing water resource utilization efficiency.

2.4 Informatization and Intelligence Technology

2.4.1 Technical Principles and Processes

Informatization and intelligence technology is an important content of modernization renovation in Pishihang Irrigation District. Its principle is to achieve scientific scheduling, precise management and efficient utilization of water resources in the irrigation district through the application of computer technology, communication technology, sensor technology and intelligent control technology.

Main Informatization and Intelligence Technologies Include:

Data Acquisition and Monitoring Technology:
- Hydrological Monitoring System: Real-time monitoring of hydrological elements such as rainfall, water level, flow, and water quality in the irrigation district.
- Soil Moisture Monitoring System: Real-time monitoring of soil moisture to provide a basis for irrigation decision-making.
- Engineering Safety Monitoring System: Safety monitoring of important structures and dangerous sections to ensure the safe operation of the project.
Communication Network Technology:
- Wireless Communication Network: Adopt GPRS, CDMA, 3G/4G and other wireless communication technologies to achieve real-time transmission of monitoring data.
- Optical Fiber Communication Network: Establish optical fiber communication networks between important areas and control centers to improve the reliability and stability of data transmission.
- Satellite Communication Network: In remote areas and areas with poor communication conditions, adopt satellite communication technology to ensure smooth data transmission.
Data Processing and Analysis Technology:
- Database Technology: Establish irrigation district water resources database, engineering database, management database, etc., to achieve unified management and sharing of data.
- Model Simulation Technology: Establish irrigation district water resources models, irrigation models, flood control models, etc., to simulate and predict water resources scheduling and project operation.
- Data Analysis Technology: Adopt data mining, machine learning and other technologies to analyze and mine monitoring data, providing support for decision-making.
Intelligent Control Technology:
- Automatic Gate Control System: Automatically control important sluices and regulating sluices to achieve remote operation and automatic adjustment.
- Automatic Pump Station Control System: Automatically control pump stations to achieve start and stop of water pumps, flow regulation and fault diagnosis.
- Automatic Irrigation Control System: According to crop water demand information and soil moisture data, automatically control irrigation time and irrigation amount to achieve precise irrigation.
Digital Twin Technology:
- Digital Twin Irrigation District: Build a digital model of the irrigation district to achieve comprehensive digital simulation and visual management of water resources, engineering facilities and ecological environment in the irrigation district.
- Digital Twin Reservoir: Build a digital model of the reservoir to achieve real-time monitoring and simulation prediction of reservoir water level, flow, water quality and other elements.
- Digital Twin Canal Head Junction: Build a digital model of the canal head junction to achieve real-time monitoring and optimal scheduling of the junction operation status.

2.4.2 Case Analysis: Meishan Reservoir Digital Twin Construction Project

Project Overview: Meishan Reservoir is one of the main water sources of Pishihang Irrigation District and a national 4A-level scenic area. In order to improve the management level and safety guarantee capacity of the reservoir, Meishan Reservoir took the lead in launching the pilot construction work of digital twin reservoir.

Construction Content:

Monitoring System Upgrading: Upgrade the rain and water regime forecasting system, adopting ultra-short wave + GPRS + Beidou three-channel to achieve real-time monitoring and accurate early warning of rain and water regime.
3D Model Construction: Set up a Web-GIS three-dimensional reservoir information visualization model to achieve three-dimensional visualization of reservoir topography, geomorphology, buildings and other elements.
Monitoring Station Construction: Build and improve reservoir monitoring stations, forming a "three-line defense" of rain and water regime monitoring and forecasting composed of meteorological satellites and rain measuring radars, rain gauge stations, and hydrological stations.
Information System Development: Develop and apply an integrated reservoir management information system to promote the deep integration of information technology and water conservancy business.
Intelligent Decision Support System: Establish an intelligent decision support system to provide decision support for reservoir flood control scheduling, water resources management and project safety operation.

Technology Application:

Internet of Things Technology: Adopt Internet of Things technology to achieve real-time monitoring and data acquisition of reservoir water level, flow, rainfall, water quality and other elements.
Big Data Technology: Establish a reservoir big data platform to store, manage and analyze 海量 monitoring data, providing support for decision-making.
Cloud Computing Technology: Adopt cloud computing technology to build a distributed computing platform, improving the efficiency of data processing and model simulation.
Artificial Intelligence Technology: Apply artificial intelligence technology to intelligently diagnose and predict the operation status of the reservoir, improving the scientificity and accuracy of decision-making.
Digital Twin Technology: Build a digital twin model of Meishan Reservoir to achieve real-time monitoring, simulation and prediction of the reservoir operation status.

Implementation Effect:

Enhanced Monitoring Capability: Through the upgrading of the monitoring system, the number of rain and water regime monitoring stations has increased from 6 to 11, significantly improving the monitoring accuracy and timeliness.
Enhanced Decision Support Capability: Through the intelligent decision support system, scientific and intelligent flood control scheduling and water resources management of the reservoir have been realized, improving the accuracy and timeliness of decision-making.
Improved Management Efficiency: Through the integrated reservoir management information system, the automation and informatization of reservoir management business have been realized, improving management efficiency and level.
Enhanced Safety Guarantee Capability: Through digital twin technology and engineering safety monitoring system, real-time monitoring and early warning of reservoir engineering safety have been realized, improving safety guarantee capability.
Significant Economic Benefits: Through scientific scheduling and optimal operation, the efficiency of water resource utilization has been improved, with an estimated annual increase in economic benefits of about 10 million yuan.

2.4.3 Technical Comparison and Analysis

Based on the practical experience of Pishihang Irrigation District over the years and the requirements of the "Water Conservancy Informatization Development Plan", a comparative analysis of several main informatization and intelligence technologies is carried out:

Technical Type	Advantages	Disadvantages	Application Conditions
Internet of Things Technology	Real-time perception, accurate data, high degree of automation, strong adaptability	Large investment, high maintenance cost, high technical requirements	All types of water conservancy projects and irrigation districts, especially important areas requiring real-time monitoring
Big Data Technology	Strong data processing capacity, diverse analysis methods, good decision support effect	Complex data management, difficult model construction, high hardware requirements	Large irrigation districts and important water conservancy projects with large data volume and complex business
Cloud Computing Technology	High resource utilization rate, strong scalability, flexible deployment, relatively low cost	High data security requirements, strong dependence on network, large initial investment	All types of water conservancy projects and irrigation districts, especially application scenarios requiring 大量 computing resources
Artificial Intelligence Technology	Intelligent decision-making, pattern recognition, prediction and early warning, high degree of automation	Complex algorithm, high requirement for training data, technology maturity needs to be improved	Large irrigation districts and important water conservancy projects with 大量 historical data and complex decision-making needs
Digital Twin Technology	Comprehensive simulation, high degree of visualization, good decision support effect, strong predictability	Difficult modeling, high data requirements, large computing resource demand, huge investment	Important water conservancy projects and large irrigation districts, especially areas requiring refined management and scientific decision-making

Optimal Technology Selection Recommendations:

Large Irrigation Districts: Give priority to digital twin technology, big data technology and artificial intelligence technology, build a complete informatization and intelligence system, and achieve refined management and scientific decision-making of the irrigation district.
Medium Irrigation Districts: Can adopt a combination of Internet of Things technology, big data technology and intelligent control technology, according to the characteristics and management needs of the irrigation district, select appropriate technology combinations.
Small Irrigation Districts: Give priority to Internet of Things technology and intelligent control technology, focusing on practicality and investment benefits, to achieve informatization and automation of key links.
Important Water Conservancy Projects: Give priority to digital twin technology, Internet of Things technology and artificial intelligence technology to improve project safety guarantee capacity and management level.
Newly Built Projects: In the project design and construction stage, simultaneously plan and implement informatization and intelligence systems, to achieve integrated promotion of project construction and informatization.
Renovation of Existing Projects: According to the current situation and management needs of the project, gradually implement informatization and intelligence renovation, focusing on system compatibility and scalability.

3. Application and Analysis of Standards and Specifications

3.1 Application of Engineering Design Standards

The continuation, supporting facilities and water-saving renovation project of Pishihang Irrigation District strictly follows relevant national and industrial standards and specifications to ensure the standardization and standardization of engineering design, construction and acceptance.

3.1.1 Main Design Standards

National Standards:

"Design Standard for Irrigation and Drainage Engineering" (GB 50288-2018): The main basis for irrigation district engineering design, stipulating the design principles, standards and methods for irrigation and drainage engineering.
"Technical Code for Canal Anti-seepage Engineering" (GB/T 50600-2020): Stipulates the design, construction and acceptance requirements for canal anti-seepage engineering.
"Seismic Design Standard for Hydraulic Structures" (GB 51247-2018): Stipulates the basic requirements and methods for seismic design of hydraulic structures.
"Design Code for Hydraulic Concrete Structures" (GB 50010-2010): Stipulates the design principles, methods and requirements for hydraulic concrete structures.
"Grade Division and Flood Standard for Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering" (GB 50201-2014): Stipulates the grade division and flood standards for water conservancy and hydropower engineering.

Industry Standards:

"Design Code for Irrigation and Drainage Canal System Structures" (SL 482-2011): Stipulates the design principles, standards and methods for irrigation and drainage canal system structures.
"Code for Anti-icing Design of Hydraulic Structures" (GB/T 50662-2011): Stipulates the basic requirements and methods for anti-icing design of hydraulic structures.
"Code for Load Design of Hydraulic Structures" (SL 744-2016): Stipulates the calculation methods and value standards for loads on hydraulic structures.
"Code for Hydraulic Calculation of Water Conservancy Engineering" (SL 104-2015): Stipulates the basic requirements and methods for hydraulic calculation of water conservancy engineering.
"Technical Code for Cement Grouting Construction of Hydraulic Structures" (SL 62-2014): Stipulates the technical requirements and quality standards for cement grouting construction of hydraulic structures.

Local Standards:

"Regulations on the Preparation of Estimates (Budgets) for Water Conservancy Engineering Design in Anhui Province": Stipulates the preparation methods and standards for estimates (budgets) in water conservancy engineering design in Anhui Province.
"Plan for the Continuation, Supporting Facilities and Water-saving Renovation of Pishihang Irrigation District in Anhui Province": Stipulates the overall objectives, tasks and technical requirements for the continuation, supporting facilities and water-saving renovation of Pishihang Irrigation District.

3.1.2 Key Points of Standard Application

Application of Canal Design Standards:

Canal Grade Division: According to the "Design Standard for Irrigation and Drainage Engineering" (GB 50288-2018), the main canal and main branch canal of Pishihang Irrigation District are grade 2-3 channels, branch canals are grade 3-4 channels, and branch canals and below are grade 4-5 channels.
Canal Anti-seepage Standards: According to the "Technical Code for Canal Anti-seepage Engineering" (GB/T 50600-2020), grade 4 and above channels should be anti-seepage treated, and the thickness of anti-seepage lining structures should be determined according to canal grade and anti-seepage materials.
Canal Section Design: According to the "Design Standard for Irrigation and Drainage Engineering" (GB 50288-2018), the section form of channels should be determined according to topographic and geological conditions and flow characteristics. In cold regions, grade 4 and above channels should preferably adopt arc-bottom trapezoidal or arc-slope trapezoidal sections, and grade 5 channels can adopt U-shaped sections.
Determination of Canal Roughness Coefficient: According to the "Design Standard for Irrigation and Drainage Engineering" (GB 50288-2018), the roughness coefficient of channels should be determined according to lining materials and construction quality. The roughness coefficient of concrete-lined channels can be taken as 0.013-0.017, and that of mortar-laid stone-lined channels can be taken as 0.025-0.030.

Application of Canal System Structure Design Standards:

Structure Grade Division: According to the "Design Standard for Irrigation and Drainage Engineering" (GB 50288-2018), the grade of canal system structures should be consistent with the grade of the channels they are located in. The main structures on grade 2-3 channels are grade 2-3, and secondary structures are grade 3-4.
Structural Design Standards: According to the "Design Code for Hydraulic Concrete Structures" (GB 50010-2010), the structural design of canal system structures should meet the requirements of strength, stiffness and stability, and the concrete strength grade should not be lower than C20.
Anti-seepage Design Standards: According to the "Technical Code for Canal Anti-seepage Engineering" (GB/T 50600-2020), the anti-seepage design of canal system structures should meet the requirements of impermeability, frost resistance and anti-corrosion, and the performance indicators of anti-seepage materials should comply with relevant standard provisions.
Seismic Design Standards: According to the "Seismic Design Standard for Hydraulic Structures" (GB 51247-2018), the seismic design of canal system structures should be determined according to the seismic intensity and structure grade of the area where they are located, and the seismic fortification intensity should not be lower than degree 6.

Application of Water-saving Irrigation Technology Standards:

Water Utilization Coefficient Standards for Canal Systems: According to the "Design Standard for Irrigation and Drainage Engineering" (GB 50288-2018), the water utilization coefficient of canal systems in large irrigation districts should not be less than 0.55, medium irrigation districts should not be less than 0.65, and small irrigation districts should not be less than 0.75.
Field Water Utilization Coefficient Standards: According to the "Design Standard for Irrigation and Drainage Engineering" (GB 50288-2018), the field water utilization coefficient in dry farming irrigation districts should not be less than 0.90, and in rice irrigation districts should not be less than 0.95.
Irrigation Water Utilization Coefficient Standards: According to the "Design Standard for Irrigation and Drainage Engineering" (GB 50288-2018), the irrigation water utilization coefficient in large irrigation districts should not be less than 0.50, medium irrigation districts should not be less than 0.60, and small irrigation districts should not be less than 0.70.
Water-saving Irrigation Technology Standards: According to the "Technical Standard for Water-saving Irrigation Engineering" (GB/T 50363-2018), the design of water-saving irrigation engineering should comply with the principles of water-saving, energy-saving, land-saving and yield-increasing, and technical indicators should meet relevant standard requirements.

3.1.3 Comparative Analysis with International Standards

The continuation, supporting facilities and water-saving renovation project of Pishihang Irrigation District mainly follows Chinese national standards and industry standards, while also referring to relevant international standards and advanced experience.

Main International Standards:

American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) Standards: Including a series of standards for irrigation system design, construction and acceptance, focusing on practicality and economy.
Guidelines of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID): Providing guiding principles and best practices for irrigation and drainage engineering planning, design and management.
European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD): Emphasizing the sustainable use of water resources and the protection of aquatic ecosystems, putting forward eco-friendly requirements for irrigation and drainage engineering.

Comparative Analysis:

Comparison Factor	Chinese Standards	American ASABE Standards	European Union WFD
Standard System	Mainly mandatory standards, supplemented by recommended standards, complete system, clear hierarchy	Mainly voluntary standards, which become mandatory after being cited by government regulations, with strong flexibility	Mainly framework directives, which member states convert into national standards, emphasizing ecological protection and sustainable development
Technical Characteristics	Focus on safety, practicality and economy, relatively high safety factors	Focus on performance design and risk management, emphasizing economic benefits	Focus on ecological environmental protection and sustainable water resource utilization, emphasizing eco-friendly design
Design Concept	Taking engineering safety as the core, taking into account economic benefits and ecological environment	Taking economic benefits as the core, taking into account engineering safety and environmental impact	Taking ecological environmental protection as the core, taking into account engineering safety and economic benefits
Implementation Method	Government-led, mandatory implementation	Market-led, voluntary adoption	Government-guided, market participation, emphasizing public participation and transparency
Internationalization Level	Relatively independent, low degree of internationalization	High degree of internationalization, widely used globally	Unified within the European Union, gradually promoted internationally

Advantages and Disadvantages:

Advantages of Chinese Standards: Complete system, clear hierarchy, strong mandatory, safe and reliable, in line with national conditions.
Disadvantages of Chinese Standards: Some standards are updated slowly, lack innovation, poor compatibility with international standards, relatively weak ecological and environmental protection requirements.
Advantages of American Standards: Strong practicality, high flexibility, high degree of marketization, high degree of internationalization.
Disadvantages of American Standards: Relatively low safety factors, poor adaptability to developing countries, lack of ecological and environmental protection requirements.
Advantages of European Union Standards: Advanced eco-friendly concept, emphasizing sustainable development, high public participation, focusing on aquatic ecosystem protection.
Disadvantages of European Union Standards: High implementation cost, poor adaptability to developing countries, difficult to implement.

Improvement Suggestions:

Strengthen Internationalization of Standards: Draw lessons from international advanced standards and experience, accelerate the docking and integration of Chinese standards with international standards, and improve the degree of internationalization.
Strengthen Ecological and Environmental Protection Requirements: Add ecological and environmental protection requirements to standards, promote the coordinated development of irrigation and drainage engineering and ecological environment.
Improve Standard Innovation: Encourage technological innovation and the application of new technologies, promptly incorporate mature new technologies, new materials and new processes into standards, and improve the innovation and forward-looking nature of standards.
Enhance Standard Flexibility: On the premise of ensuring engineering safety, increase the flexibility and selectivity of standards to adapt to the needs of different regions and conditions.
Improve Standard Implementation Mechanism: Establish and improve the standard implementation supervision mechanism, strengthen standard publicity and training, and improve the execution and implementation effect of standards.

3.2 Application of Engineering Construction and Acceptance Standards

The continuation, supporting facilities and water-saving renovation project of Pishihang Irrigation District strictly follows relevant national and industry construction and acceptance standards to ensure engineering quality and safety.

3.2.1 Main Construction and Acceptance Standards

National Standards:

"Code for Construction Quality Inspection and Evaluation of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering" (SL 176-2007): Stipulates the basic requirements and methods for construction quality inspection and evaluation of water conservancy and hydropower engineering.
"Code for Hydraulic Concrete Construction" (SL 677-2014): Stipulates the technical requirements and quality standards for hydraulic concrete construction.
"Technical Code for Canal Anti-seepage Engineering" (GB/T 50600-2020): Stipulates the construction technical requirements and quality standards for canal anti-seepage engineering.
"Code for Acceptance of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Construction Projects" (SL 223-2008): Stipulates the basic requirements and procedures for the acceptance of water conservancy and hydropower construction projects.
"Code for Construction Quality Acceptance of Building Foundation and Foundation Engineering" (GB 50202-2018): Stipulates the basic requirements and methods for the construction quality acceptance of building foundation and foundation engineering.

Industry Standards:

"General Technical Code for Safety of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering Construction" (SL 398-2007): Stipulates the basic requirements and methods for general technical safety of water conservancy and hydropower engineering construction.
"Technical Code for Cement Grouting Construction of Hydraulic Structures" (SL 62-2014): Stipulates the technical requirements and quality standards for cement grouting construction of hydraulic structures.
"Code for Formwork Construction of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering" (SL 675-2014): Stipulates the technical requirements and quality standards for formwork construction of water conservancy and hydropower engineering.
"Code for Steel Bar Construction of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering" (SL 678-2014): Stipulates the technical requirements and quality standards for steel bar construction of water conservancy and hydropower engineering.
"Code for Construction Quality Acceptance and Evaluation of Unit Engineering in Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering" (SL 631-637-2012): Stipulates the basic requirements and methods for construction quality acceptance and evaluation of unit engineering in water conservancy and hydropower engineering.

Local Standards:

"Regulations on the Construction Management of Water Conservancy Engineering in Anhui Province": Stipulates the basic requirements and methods for the construction management of water conservancy engineering in Anhui Province.
"Standards for Construction Quality Evaluation of the Continuation, Supporting Facilities and Water-saving Renovation Project of Pishihang Irrigation District in Anhui Province": Stipulates the specific requirements and methods for construction quality evaluation of the continuation, supporting facilities and water-saving renovation project of Pishihang Irrigation District.

3.2.2 Key Points of Standard Application

Application of Canal Anti-seepage Engineering Construction Standards:

Construction Preparation: According to the "Technical Code for Canal Anti-seepage Engineering" (GB/T 50600-2020), before canal anti-seepage engineering construction, construction survey, raw material inspection and construction plan preparation should be carried out to ensure that construction conditions meet requirements.
Earthwork Engineering: According to the "Code for Construction Quality Inspection and Evaluation of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering" (SL 176-2007), canal earthwork excavation and filling should be carried out in layers, with each layer thickness not exceeding 30cm, and the compaction degree should meet design requirements.
Concrete Engineering: According to the "Code for Hydraulic Concrete Construction" (SL 677-2014), the quality of concrete raw materials, mix proportion design, mixing, transportation, pouring and curing should meet specification requirements, and the concrete strength grade should not be lower than design requirements.
Stone Masonry Engineering: According to the "Technical Code for Canal Anti-seepage Engineering" (GB/T 50600-2020), stone masonry engineering should adopt the mortar method for masonry, with joints full and uniform, masonry surface should be flat, and the masonry strength grade should not be lower than design requirements.
Membrane Material Anti-seepage Engineering: According to the "Technical Code for Canal Anti-seepage Engineering" (GB/T 50600-2020), membrane materials should be laid flat and without folds, joints should be tight and firm, lap width should not be less than 10cm, and the construction of membrane material protective layers should avoid damaging membrane materials.
Expansion Joint Treatment: According to the "Technical Code for Canal Anti-seepage Engineering" (GB/T 50600-2020), expansion joints should be neat and straight, joint width should meet design requirements, joint filling materials should be embedded densely and evenly, and the surface should be flat.

Application of Canal System Structure Construction Standards:

Foundation Treatment: According to the "Code for Construction Quality Acceptance of Building Foundation and Foundation Engineering" (GB 50202-2018), the foundation treatment of structures should meet design requirements, and the foundation bearing capacity should meet design standards.
Steel Bar Engineering: According to the "Code for Steel Bar Construction of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering" (SL 678-2014), the variety, specification, quantity and arrangement of steel bars should meet design requirements, steel bar connections should be firm and reliable, and the protective layer thickness should meet specification requirements.
Formwork Engineering: According to the "Code for Formwork Construction of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering" (SL 675-2014), the strength, stiffness and stability of formwork should meet construction requirements, joints should be tight and without slurry leakage, and formwork removal time should meet specification requirements.
Concrete Engineering: According to the "Code for Hydraulic Concrete Construction" (SL 677-2014), concrete pouring should be continuous, vibration should be dense and uniform, construction joint treatment should meet specification requirements, and curing time should not be less than 14 days.
Gate Installation: According to the "Code for Construction Quality Acceptance and Evaluation of Unit Engineering in Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering" (SL 635-2012), gate installation should be accurate in position and flexible in opening and closing, water stop devices should be tight and without leakage, and installation deviations should meet specification requirements.
Hoist Equipment Installation: According to the "Code for Construction Quality Acceptance and Evaluation of Unit Engineering in Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering" (SL 635-2012), hoist equipment installation should be stable and firm, operation should be flexible and reliable, and installation deviations should meet specification requirements.

Application of Engineering Acceptance Standards:

Unit Engineering Acceptance: According to the "Code for Construction Quality Inspection and Evaluation of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering" (SL 176-2007), unit engineering acceptance should be carried out on the basis of the construction unit's self-inspection qualification, and the acceptance content includes raw material quality, construction technology and entity quality, etc.
Sub-project Acceptance: According to the "Code for Acceptance of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Construction Projects" (SL 223-2008), sub-project acceptance should be organized by the project legal person, and the acceptance content includes project quality, safety and data, etc.
Unit Engineering Acceptance: According to the "Code for Acceptance of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Construction Projects" (SL 223-2008), unit engineering acceptance should be organized by the project legal person, and the acceptance content includes project quality, safety, function and data, etc.
Stage Acceptance: According to the "Code for Acceptance of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Construction Projects" (SL 223-2008), stage acceptance includes pre-closure acceptance, pre-impoundment acceptance, unit start-up acceptance, etc., and should be organized by the acceptance presiding unit.
Completion Acceptance: According to the "Code for Acceptance of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Construction Projects" (SL 223-2008), completion acceptance should be organized by the completion acceptance presiding unit, and the acceptance content includes project quality, safety, function, benefit and data, etc.

3.2.3 Comparative Analysis with International Standards

Main International Standards:

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards: Including a series of standards for building materials, construction technology and acceptance, focusing on material performance and construction quality.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standards: Providing general standards and methods for engineering construction, emphasizing quality management and standardization.
British Standards (BS): Including design, construction and acceptance standards for engineering construction, focusing on details and practicality.

Comparative Analysis:

Comparison Factor	Chinese Standards	American ASTM Standards	British BS Standards
Standard System	Mainly mandatory standards, supplemented by recommended standards, complete system, clear hierarchy	Mainly voluntary standards, which become mandatory after being cited by government regulations, with strong flexibility	Mainly voluntary standards, which become mandatory after being cited by government regulations, focusing on details and practicality
Technical Characteristics	Focus on practicality and economy, relatively high safety factors, emphasizing process control and result evaluation combination	Focus on material performance and test methods, emphasizing quality control and verification	Focus on details and durability, moderate safety factors, emphasizing quality assurance
Construction Requirements	Emphasizing process control and quality inspection in construction, focusing on process acceptance and evaluation	Emphasizing material performance and construction technology, focusing on quality verification and testing	Emphasizing construction technology and quality control, focusing on quality assurance system and process management
Acceptance Methods	Based on unit engineering, step-by-step acceptance and evaluation, emphasizing the combination of process control and result evaluation	Based on inspection lots, focusing on quality verification and testing, emphasizing result evaluation	Based on sub-projects, focusing on quality assurance and process management, emphasizing quality system and document management
Internationalization Level	Relatively independent, low degree of internationalization	High degree of internationalization, widely used globally	High degree of internationalization, widely adopted in Commonwealth countries

Advantages and Disadvantages:

Advantages of Chinese Standards: Complete system, clear hierarchy, strong mandatory, strict process control, in line with national conditions.
Disadvantages of Chinese Standards: Some standards are updated slowly, lack innovation, poor compatibility with international standards, poor adaptability to new technology applications.
Advantages of American ASTM Standards: Advanced technology, scientific test methods, high degree of internationalization, strong adaptability.
Disadvantages of American ASTM Standards: Large number of standards, complex to use, poor adaptability to developing countries, lack of process control requirements.
Advantages of British BS Standards: Focus on details, strong practicality, complete quality assurance system, high degree of internationalization.
Disadvantages of British BS Standards: Slow standard update, insufficient flexibility, poor adaptability to developing countries, high implementation cost.

Improvement Suggestions:

Strengthen Internationalization of Standards: Draw lessons from international advanced standards and experience, accelerate the docking and integration of Chinese standards with international standards, and improve the degree of internationalization.
Strengthen Technological Innovation: Encourage technological innovation and the application of new technologies, promptly incorporate mature new technologies, new materials and new processes into standards, and improve the innovation and forward-looking nature of standards.
Improve Standard Flexibility: On the premise of ensuring engineering quality and safety, increase the flexibility and selectivity of standards to adapt to the needs of different regions and conditions.
Improve Quality Assurance System: Draw lessons from international advanced quality assurance systems and methods, improve China's engineering construction quality assurance system, and improve quality management level.
Strengthen Standard Publicity and Training: Establish and improve the standard publicity and training mechanism, improve the execution and implementation effect of standards.

3.3 Application of Monitoring and Evaluation Standards

The continuation, supporting facilities and water-saving renovation project of Pishihang Irrigation District has established a complete monitoring and evaluation system to ensure the safe operation and benefit realization of the project.

3.3.1 Main Monitoring and Evaluation Standards

National Standards:

"Code for Safety Monitoring Design of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering" (GB 51292-2018): Stipulates the basic requirements and methods for safety monitoring design of water conservancy and hydropower engineering.
"Code for Water Environment Monitoring" (SL 219-2013): Stipulates the basic requirements and methods for water environment monitoring.
"Design Standard for Irrigation and Drainage Engineering" (GB 50288-2018): Stipulates the basic requirements and methods for design of irrigation and drainage engineering, including monitoring system design requirements.
"Code for Construction Quality Inspection and Evaluation of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering" (SL 176-2007): Stipulates the basic requirements and methods for construction quality inspection and evaluation of water conservancy and hydropower engineering.
"Code for Acceptance of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Construction Projects" (SL 223-2008): Stipulates the basic requirements and procedures for acceptance of water conservancy and hydropower construction projects.

Industry Standards:

"Technical Code for Automatic Hydrological Data Acquisition and Transmission System in Water Conservancy Engineering" (SL 61-2015): Stipulates the technical requirements and methods for automatic hydrological data acquisition and transmission system in water conservancy engineering.
"Technical Code for Safety Monitoring of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering" (SL 551-2012): Stipulates the technical requirements and methods for safety monitoring of water conservancy and hydropower engineering.
"Technical Code for Construction Safety Monitoring of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering" (SL 724-2016): Stipulates the technical requirements and methods for construction safety monitoring of water conservancy and hydropower engineering.
"Code for Quality Assessment of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering" (SL 176-2007): Stipulates the basic requirements and methods for quality assessment of water conservancy and hydropower engineering.
"Method for Determining Irrigation Water Utilization Coefficient" (SL 154-2007): Stipulates the basic requirements and methods for determining irrigation water utilization coefficient.

Local Standards:

"Technical Provisions for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Continuation, Supporting Facilities and Water-saving Renovation Project of Pishihang Irrigation District in Anhui Province": Stipulates the specific requirements and methods for monitoring and evaluation of the continuation, supporting facilities and water-saving renovation project of Pishihang Irrigation District.
"Method for Benefit Evaluation of the Continuation, Supporting Facilities and Water-saving Renovation Project of Pishihang Irrigation District in Anhui Province": Stipulates the specific requirements and methods for benefit evaluation of the continuation, supporting facilities and water-saving renovation project of Pishihang Irrigation District.

3.3.2 Key Points of Standard Application

Application of Monitoring System Design Standards:

Monitoring Project Setting: According to the "Code for Safety Monitoring Design of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering" (GB 51292-2018), the monitoring projects of the continuation, supporting facilities and water-saving renovation project of Pishihang Irrigation District include water level, flow, water quality, soil moisture, engineering safety, etc.
Monitoring Instrument Selection: According to the "Technical Code for Safety Monitoring of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering" (SL 551-2012), monitoring instruments should have reliability, accuracy, stability and durability to meet monitoring requirements.
Monitoring Station Layout: According to the "Code for Safety Monitoring Design of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering" (GB 51292-2018), monitoring stations should be reasonably arranged according to project characteristics and monitoring requirements, with 加密 layout in important areas and key parts.
Monitoring Data Acquisition and Transmission: According to the "Technical Code for Automatic Hydrological Data Acquisition and Transmission System in Water Conservancy Engineering" (SL 61-2015), monitoring data acquisition should be automated and real-time, and data transmission should be reliable and stable to meet monitoring requirements.
Monitoring System Integration: According to the "Technical Code for Safety Monitoring of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering" (SL 551-2012), monitoring systems should realize the integration of data acquisition, transmission, processing, storage and analysis to meet monitoring and management needs.

Application of Monitoring Data Processing and Analysis Standards:

Data Processing Methods: According to the "Technical Code for Safety Monitoring of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering" (SL 551-2012), monitoring data processing should include data verification, outlier processing, data interpolation and data statistical analysis, etc.
Data Analysis Methods: According to the "Technical Code for Safety Monitoring of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering" (SL 551-2012), monitoring data analysis should adopt statistical analysis, mathematical models and expert systems and other methods to analyze the variation laws and trends of monitoring data.
Safety Evaluation Methods: According to the "Technical Code for Safety Monitoring of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering" (SL 551-2012), safety evaluation should adopt comprehensive evaluation methods, combining monitoring data, engineering geological conditions and operation conditions to evaluate the safety status of the project.
Early Warning Standard Establishment: According to the "Technical Code for Safety Monitoring of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering" (SL 551-2012), early warning standards should be established according to project characteristics and design requirements, clarifying early warning thresholds and early warning levels.
Monitoring Report Preparation: According to the "Technical Code for Safety Monitoring of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering" (SL 551-2012), monitoring reports should include monitoring projects, monitoring data, data analysis, safety evaluation and early warning suggestions, etc., and be prepared regularly and submitted to relevant departments.

Application of Engineering Evaluation Standards:

Quality Evaluation: According to the "Code for Construction Quality Inspection and Evaluation of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering" (SL 176-2007), engineering quality evaluation should include unit engineering quality evaluation, sub-project quality evaluation and unit engineering quality evaluation, with evaluation results divided into qualified and excellent grades.
Safety Evaluation: According to the "Technical Code for Safety Monitoring of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering" (SL 551-2012), engineering safety evaluation should include structural safety evaluation, seepage safety evaluation and seismic safety evaluation, etc., with evaluation results divided into safe, basically safe and unsafe three grades.
Benefit Evaluation: According to the "Design Standard for Irrigation and Drainage Engineering" (GB 50288-2018), engineering benefit evaluation should include economic benefit evaluation, social benefit evaluation and ecological benefit evaluation, with scientific, reasonable and comprehensive evaluation methods.
Sustainability Evaluation: According to the "Design Standard for Irrigation and Drainage Engineering" (GB 50288-2018), engineering sustainability evaluation should include sustainable water resource utilization evaluation, ecological environment sustainability evaluation and economic and social sustainability evaluation, with evaluation results reflecting the sustainability status of the project.
Post-evaluation: According to the "Code for Acceptance of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Construction Projects" (SL 223-2008), engineering post-evaluation should be carried out after the project has been in operation for a certain period of time, with evaluation content including engineering quality, safety, benefit and sustainability, etc., and evaluation results applied to project management and subsequent project construction.

3.3.2 Comparative Analysis with International Standards

Main International Standards:

Guidelines of the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD): Providing guiding principles and best practices for dam safety monitoring and evaluation.
Guidelines of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID): Providing guiding principles and best practices for irrigation and drainage engineering monitoring and evaluation.
Standards of the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR): Including a series of standards for water conservancy engineering monitoring and evaluation, focusing on practicality and science.

Comparative Analysis:

Comparison Factor	Chinese Standards	American USBR Standards	International ICOLD Guidelines
Standard System	Mainly mandatory standards, supplemented by recommended standards, complete system, clear hierarchy	Mainly voluntary standards, which become mandatory after being cited by government regulations, with strong flexibility	Mainly guidelines, providing guiding principles and best practices, not mandatory
Technical Characteristics	Focus on practicality and systematicness, emphasizing the combination of process control and result evaluation	Focus on science and advancement, emphasizing data analysis and model prediction	Focus on experience summary and best practices, emphasizing safety monitoring and risk management
Monitoring Content	Including hydrology, water quality, soil moisture, engineering safety and other aspects, comprehensive content	Mainly engineering safety monitoring, focusing on structural safety and seepage safety	Mainly dam safety monitoring, focusing on structural safety, seepage safety and seismic safety
Evaluation Methods	Adopting a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, emphasizing comprehensive evaluation	Adopting quantitative analysis methods, emphasizing mathematical models and statistical analysis	Adopting risk assessment methods, emphasizing risk management and decision support
Early Warning Mechanism	Graded early warning, clear early warning thresholds and response measures	Risk-based early warning, emphasizing risk assessment and decision support	Risk-based early warning, emphasizing risk communication and emergency management

Advantages and Disadvantages:

Advantages of Chinese Standards: Complete system, comprehensive content, diverse methods, emphasizing comprehensive evaluation, in line with national conditions.
Disadvantages of Chinese Standards: Some standards are updated slowly, lack innovation, poor adaptability to new technology applications, poor compatibility with international standards.
Advantages of American USBR Standards: Advanced technology, scientific methods, emphasizing data analysis and model prediction, high degree of internationalization.
Disadvantages of American USBR Standards: Poor adaptability to developing countries, high implementation cost, lack of requirements for ecological environment monitoring.
Advantages of International ICOLD Guidelines: Focusing on risk management, emphasizing best practices, focusing on safety monitoring and early warning, high international recognition.
Disadvantages of International ICOLD Guidelines: Not mandatory, difficult to implement, poor adaptability to developing countries.

Improvement Suggestions:

Strengthen Internationalization of Standards: Draw lessons from international advanced standards and experience, accelerate the docking and integration of Chinese standards with international standards, and improve the degree of internationalization.
Strengthen Technological Innovation: Encourage technological innovation and the application of new technologies, promptly incorporate mature new technologies, new methods into standards, and improve the innovation and forward-looking nature of standards.
Improve Monitoring Content: Increase ecological environment monitoring content, strengthen monitoring of water resources, water ecology and water environment, and promote the coordinated development of engineering and ecological environment.
Improve Evaluation Methods: Introduce risk management concepts and methods, improve the comprehensive evaluation system, and improve the scientificity and reliability of evaluation results.
Strengthen Early Warning Mechanism Construction: Improve early warning standards and early warning mechanisms, improve the accuracy and timeliness of early warning, and enhance emergency response capabilities.

4. Innovation Technology and Experience Summary

4.1 Technological Innovation and Integrated Application

During the implementation of the continuation, supporting facilities and water-saving renovation project of Pishihang Irrigation District, in view of the characteristics and technical difficulties of the irrigation district, a series of technological innovations and integrated applications have been carried out, forming a technical system with the characteristics of the irrigation district.

4.1.1 Key Technological Innovations

Canal Anti-seepage Technology Innovation:

Application of New Anti-seepage Materials: The application of SCL anti-seepage membrane in projects such as Jiangjunshan Aqueduct, which has good anti-seepage performance, anti-aging performance and adaptability to deformation, solving the technical problem of aqueduct anti-seepage.
Concrete Modification Technology: The application of polypropylene fiber concrete in some canal anti-seepage projects, improving the crack resistance and frost resistance of concrete, extending the service life of canals.
Assembled Concrete Lining Technology: The application of assembled concrete lining technology in projects such as Zhongxing Branch Canal, improving construction efficiency and quality, reducing the impact on irrigation during construction.

Canal System Structure Renovation Technology Innovation:

High-pressure Fixed Spray Cut-off Wall Technology: The application of high-pressure fixed spray cut-off wall technology in the reinforcement project of Shihe Main Canal, forming a continuous anti-seepage wall, solving the anti-seepage problem of deep overburden.
Multi-head Small-diameter Cement-soil Cut-off Wall Technology: The application of multi-head small-diameter cement-soil cut-off wall technology in projects such as Jidong Main Canal, forming a thin and continuous anti-seepage wall, improving the anti-seepage effect and construction efficiency.
Carbon Fiber Cloth Reinforcement Technology: The application of carbon fiber cloth reinforcement technology in the reinforcement of some aqueducts and sluices, improving structural bearing capacity and crack resistance, with simple construction and remarkable effect.

Water-saving Irrigation Technology Innovation:

Rice "Shallow-Wet-Intermittent" Irrigation Technology: According to the water requirement characteristics of rice at different growth stages, the research and promotion of rice "shallow-wet-intermittent" irrigation technology has achieved the goal of water saving and yield increase, with an annual water saving rate of 28%.
Intelligent Irrigation Control System: The application of intelligent irrigation control system in projects such as Zhongxing Station Irrigation District in Feidong County, realizing precise control and scientific scheduling of irrigation, improving irrigation water use efficiency.
Soil Moisture Monitoring and Irrigation Forecasting Technology: Establishing a soil moisture monitoring network and irrigation forecasting model, realizing scientific decision-making and precise implementation of irrigation, improving water resource utilization efficiency.

Informatization and Intelligence Technology Innovation:

Digital Twin Technology Application: The application of digital twin technology in projects such as Meishan Reservoir and Hengpaitou Canal Head Junction, building digital models of projects, realizing real-time monitoring and simulation prediction of project operation status.
Internet of Things Technology Application: Establishing an Internet of Things monitoring network in the irrigation district, realizing real-time monitoring and data acquisition of water level, flow, water quality, soil moisture and other elements, providing data support for scientific decision-making.
Big Data and Artificial Intelligence Technology Application: Establishing an irrigation district big data platform, applying artificial intelligence technology to analyze and mine monitoring data, providing decision support for safe operation of projects and water resources management.

4.1.2 Integrated Technology Application

Integrated Application of Irrigation District Water Security Guarantee Technology:

Integrated Flood Control Security Guarantee Technology: Integrating reservoir optimization scheduling, dyke reinforcement, river regulation, monitoring and early warning and other technologies, constructing an irrigation district flood control security guarantee system, improving flood control capacity.
Integrated Water Supply Security Guarantee Technology: Integrating water source protection, water quality monitoring, water supply scheduling, emergency water supply and other technologies, constructing an irrigation district water supply security guarantee system, improving water supply guarantee capacity.
Integrated Ecological Security Guarantee Technology: Integrating ecological flow guarantee, water quality improvement, aquatic ecosystem restoration and other technologies, constructing an irrigation district ecological security guarantee system, improving the aquatic ecological environment.

Integrated Application of Water Resource Efficient Utilization Technology:

Integrated Water Resource Optimization Allocation Technology: Integrating water resource monitoring, prediction, scheduling and other technologies, constructing an irrigation district water resource optimization allocation model, realizing scientific scheduling and efficient utilization of water resources.
Integrated Water-saving Irrigation Technology: Integrating canal anti-seepage, low-pressure pipeline water delivery, sprinkler irrigation, micro-irrigation, rice "shallow-wet-intermittent" irrigation and other technologies, constructing an irrigation district water-saving irrigation technology system, improving water resource utilization efficiency.
Integrated Non-conventional Water Resource Utilization Technology: Integrating rainwater harvesting, reclaimed water utilization, brackish water utilization and other technologies, constructing a non-conventional water resource utilization system, increasing water resource supply.

Integrated Application of Irrigation District Modernization Management Technology:

Integrated Informatization Management Technology: Integrating data acquisition, transmission, processing, analysis, decision-making and other technologies, constructing an irrigation district informatization management platform, improving management efficiency and level.
Integrated Intelligent Control Technology: Integrating automatic control, intelligent decision-making, remote control and other technologies, constructing an irrigation district intelligent control system, realizing automation and intelligence of project operation.
Integrated Socialized Service Technology: Integrating water user participation, water use cooperation organizations, irrigation services and other technologies, constructing an irrigation district socialized service system, improving service quality and level.

4.1.3 Innovation Achievement Application

The technological innovation achievements of the continuation, supporting facilities and water-saving renovation project of Pishihang Irrigation District have been applied and promoted in multiple projects, achieving remarkable economic, social and ecological benefits.

Engineering Application Cases:

Application of SCL Anti-seepage Membrane in Aqueduct Anti-seepage: The application of SCL anti-seepage membrane in projects such as Jiangjunshan Aqueduct for anti-seepage treatment, solving the seepage problem of aqueducts, with remarkable anti-seepage effect.
Application of High-pressure Fixed Spray Cut-off Wall in Shihe Main Canal Reinforcement: The application of high-pressure fixed spray cut-off wall technology in the reinforcement project of Shihe Main Canal, forming a continuous anti-seepage wall, solving the anti-seepage problem of deep overburden.
Application of Digital Twin Technology in Meishan Reservoir: The application of digital twin technology in Meishan Reservoir, building a digital model of the reservoir, realizing real-time monitoring and simulation prediction of reservoir operation status, improving management level and decision-making scientificity.
Application of Intelligent Irrigation Control System in Zhongxing Station Irrigation District in Feidong County: The application of intelligent irrigation control system in Zhongxing Station Irrigation District in Feidong County, realizing precise control and scientific scheduling of irrigation, improving irrigation water use efficiency and crop yield.

Promotion and Application Prospects:

Promotion of New Anti-seepage Materials: New anti-seepage materials such as SCL anti-seepage membrane and polypropylene fiber concrete have good application prospects and can be promoted and applied in similar projects nationwide.
Promotion of High-efficiency Water-saving Irrigation Technology: Water-saving irrigation technologies such as rice "shallow-wet-intermittent" irrigation technology and intelligent irrigation control system have remarkable water-saving and yield-increasing effects and can be promoted and applied in rice planting areas nationwide.
Promotion of Digital Twin Technology: The application prospect of digital twin technology in water conservancy engineering is broad and can be promoted and applied in large reservoirs, irrigation districts and water conservancy junctions nationwide.
Promotion of Internet of Things Technology: The application of Internet of Things technology in irrigation district monitoring and management has significant advantages and can be promoted and applied in the informatization construction of irrigation districts nationwide.

4.2 Management Model Innovation

During the implementation of the continuation, supporting facilities and water-saving renovation project of Pishihang Irrigation District, in view of project characteristics and management needs, a series of management model innovations have been carried out, improving engineering construction and management efficiency.

4.2.1 Engineering Construction Management Model Innovation

Innovation of Project Legal Person Responsibility System:

Unified Project Legal Person System: The continuation, supporting facilities and water-saving renovation project of Pishihang Irrigation District implements a unified project legal person system, with the General Bureau establishing a unified project legal person, taking overall responsibility for project progress, funds, quality and safety.
Authorization Management Mechanism: The project legal person authorizes the water administrative departments of counties (districts) in the irrigation district to establish on-site management agencies, specifically responsible for on-site construction management work, and the water administrative departments of relevant cities are responsible for supervision and guidance, forming a management structure with clear responsibilities and smooth operation.
Performance Evaluation Mechanism: Establish a project legal person performance evaluation mechanism, evaluating project progress, quality, safety, investment control and other aspects to ensure the achievement of project objectives.

Innovation of Bidding and Tendering Management:

Competitive Project Establishment Mechanism: Since 2012, competitive project establishment has been implemented, comprehensively evaluating the irrigation district's annual investment plan arrangement from five aspects: preliminary work, supporting funds implementation, construction management, irrigation management and engineering management, fully mobilizing the enthusiasm of local governments in the irrigation district.
Credit Evaluation System: Since the "12th Five-Year Plan", the performance of construction enterprises participating in the continuation, supporting facilities and water-saving renovation project of the irrigation district has been evaluated, and the evaluation results are recorded in the construction enterprise credit file and applied to the bid evaluation method in the bidding demonstration text for water conservancy projects in the province, establishing an incentive and punishment mechanism.
Strategy of Inviting Large and Strong Enterprises: Focusing on inviting large and strong enterprises to improve the overall quality of participating units, selecting construction enterprises with strong strength and good reputation to participate in project construction.

Innovation of Construction Management Mechanism:

Hierarchical Management Mechanism: Establish a three-level management mechanism of General Bureau, Municipal Bureau and County Bureau, clarifying the management responsibilities and authorities at all levels to ensure the smooth progress of project construction.
"Daily Control, Weekly Scheduling" Mechanism: Implement "daily control, weekly scheduling", dynamically managing construction plans, and promptly solving problems arising during construction.
"One-stop" Service Mechanism: Implement "one-stop" service for project payment, improving efficiency and speeding up the progress of fund payment.
Joint Supervision Mechanism: Establish a joint supervision mechanism composed of water conservancy, finance, auditing and other departments to strengthen supervision and inspection of project construction.

4.2.2 Irrigation District Operation Management Model Innovation

Innovation of Water Use Management Model:

Water User Participation Mechanism: Establish a water user participation mechanism, encouraging water users to participate in irrigation district management and decision-making, improving water users' participation and satisfaction.
Water Use Cooperation Organization: Establish water use cooperation organizations, responsible for field irrigation management and water fee collection, improving irrigation management efficiency and water fee recovery rate.
Metering and Charging System: Implement metering and charging system, realizing charging by cubic meter, promoting water conservation.

Innovation of Engineering Management Model:

Separation of Management and Maintenance Mechanism: Implement the separation of management and maintenance mechanism, separating engineering management and maintenance, improving management efficiency and maintenance quality.
Specialized Maintenance Team: Establish specialized maintenance teams, improving maintenance technical level and service quality.
Property Management Pilot: Carry out property management pilot in some areas, introducing market mechanisms, improving management efficiency and service level.

Innovation of Informatization Management Model:

Integrated Management Platform: Establish an irrigation district integrated management platform, integrating water resources, engineering, irrigation, water quality and other information, realizing information sharing and business collaboration.
Intelligent Decision Support System: Establish an intelligent decision support system, providing decision support for water resources scheduling, project operation and flood control and drought relief.
Mobile Terminal Application: Develop mobile terminal applications, realizing on-site data collection, query and processing, improving management efficiency and level.

4.2.3 Public Participation Model Innovation

"Civil River Chief" Mechanism:

"Civil River Chief" Team: Establish a "civil river chief" team composed of environmental protection volunteers, deputies to the People's Congress, members of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, etc., participating in river supervision and protection work.
Interaction Mechanism: Establish an interaction mechanism between "civil river chiefs" and official river chiefs, forming a pattern of river governance with the participation of the whole society.
Assessment and Incentive Mechanism: Establish an assessment and incentive mechanism for "civil river chiefs", commending and rewarding those with outstanding performance.

Water Situation Education Base:

Construction of Water Situation Education Base: Construct an irrigation district water situation education base, displaying the history, culture and achievements of the irrigation district, and carrying out water situation education activities.
Public Open Day: Regularly hold public open days, inviting the public to visit water conservancy projects, understanding water conservancy knowledge and water culture.
Water Situation Education Courses: Develop water situation education courses, carrying out water situation education activities in schools and communities, improving the public's awareness of water hazards, water conservation and water resource protection.

Media Publicity Platform:

Official Website and WeChat Official Account: Establish an official website and WeChat official account for the irrigation district, promptly releasing irrigation district dynamics, water situation information and policies and regulations, enhancing interaction and communication with the public.
Media Cooperation Mechanism: Establish a cooperation mechanism with mainstream media, publicizing the construction achievements and advanced experience of the irrigation district, improving the social influence of the irrigation district.
Public Opinion Guidance Mechanism: Establish a public opinion guidance mechanism, promptly responding to social concerns and creating a good public opinion environment.

4.3 Experience Summary and Enlightenment

The successful implementation of the continuation, supporting facilities and water-saving renovation project of Pishihang Irrigation District has accumulated rich experience, providing useful enlightenment for the renovation of large irrigation districts nationwide.

4.3.1 Main Experience

Scientific Planning, Coordinated Promotion:

Planning Guidance: Adhere to planning guidance, preparing a series of plans such as "Plan for the Continuation, Supporting Facilities and Water-saving Renovation of Pishihang Irrigation District in Anhui Province", clarifying renovation objectives, tasks and measures.
Coordinated Coordination: Consider water resources, water environment, water ecology, water safety and water culture as a whole, coordinating the promotion of engineering construction and management reform.
Step-by-step Implementation: According to the idea of "implementing a batch, reserving a batch, and planning a batch", promoting project construction in a planned and step-by-step manner.

Government-led, Multi-party Participation:

Government Leadership: Adhere to government leadership, strengthening organizational leadership, increasing financial investment, providing a strong guarantee for project construction.
Departmental Collaboration: Establish a collaboration mechanism among water conservancy, finance, development and reform, environmental protection and other departments to form a joint force for work.
Social Participation: Encourage social capital to participate in the construction and management of irrigation districts, forming a diversified investment mechanism.

Technological Innovation, Demonstration Leadership:

Technological Innovation: Focus on technological innovation, carrying out research and application of key technologies, improving the level of project construction and management.
Demonstration Leadership: Construct a number of demonstration projects, playing a leading role in demonstration, promoting technological innovation and management innovation.
Achievement Transformation: Strengthen the transformation and promotion application of scientific and technological achievements, improving the contribution rate of science and technology to the development of irrigation districts.

Equal emphasis on Construction and Management, Long-term Operation:

Equal emphasis on Construction and Management: Adhere to equal emphasis on construction and management, avoiding emphasizing construction while neglecting management, ensuring that projects can 发挥 benefits for a long time.
Mechanism Innovation: Innovate project construction and management mechanisms, improving management efficiency and level.
Long-term Mechanism: Establish and improve long-term mechanisms to ensure that projects continue to 发挥

4.3.2 Enlightenment and Reference

Enlightenment One: Adhere to Ecological Priority, Green Development

The practice of the continuation, supporting facilities and water-saving renovation project of Pishihang Irrigation District shows that irrigation district renovation must adhere to the concept of ecological priority and green development, integrating water resource conservation, water environment protection and water ecosystem restoration into the whole process of project construction, achieving harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. In the future, irrigation district renovation should pay more attention to ecological environment protection, strengthen the intensive and economical use of water resources, and promote the green development of irrigation districts.

Enlightenment Two: Strengthen Technological Innovation, Digital Empowerment

Technological innovation is an important support for irrigation district renovation, and digital technology is an important means for irrigation district modernization. In the future, irrigation district renovation should strengthen technological innovation, promote the deep integration of digital technology and water conservancy business, build digital irrigation districts and smart irrigation districts, and improve the modernization level of irrigation districts. Priority should be given to the development of digital twin, Internet of Things, big data, artificial intelligence and other technologies, building an intelligent water conservancy system to provide technical support for irrigation district renovation.

Enlightenment Three: Deepen Reform and Innovation, Stimulate Vitality

Reform and innovation are the driving force for the development of irrigation districts. In the future, irrigation district renovation should deepen institutional and mechanism reforms, innovate project construction and management models, and stimulate the development vitality of irrigation districts. Priority should be given to promoting comprehensive agricultural water price reform, separation of management and maintenance of projects, reform of water use management systems, and establishing and improving institutional mechanisms that meet the requirements of modern irrigation district development.

Enlightenment Four: Focus on Systematic Governance, Coordinated Promotion

Irrigation district renovation is a systematic project that must adhere to a systematic concept and promote project construction, management reform and technological innovation in a coordinated manner. In the future, irrigation district renovation should strengthen the systematic governance of water resources, water environment, water ecology, water safety and water culture, coordinate the promotion of engineering measures and non-engineering measures, and form a joint force for systematic governance.

Enlightenment Five: Strengthen Responsibility Implementation, Form a Joint Force

Irrigation district renovation involves many aspects and heavy tasks, and must strengthen responsibility implementation and form a joint force for work. In the future, irrigation district renovation should establish and improve a responsibility system, clarify the division of responsibilities among various departments and units, strengthen coordination and cooperation, forming a work pattern with government leadership, departmental collaboration, and social participation. It is necessary to strengthen assessment and accountability to ensure that various tasks are implemented.

5. Future Outlook

5.1 Follow-up Development Plan

Although the continuation, supporting facilities and water-saving renovation project of Pishihang Irrigation District has achieved remarkable results, it still faces some challenges and problems that need further deepening of renovation and improvement.

5.1.1 Short-term Development Plan (2025-2030)

Engineering Construction Plan:

Continuation and Supporting Facilities Projects: Continue to promote the continuation and supporting facilities projects of the irrigation district, completing the renovation tasks of the remaining backbone projects, improving the engineering safety guarantee capacity and water delivery efficiency.
Water-saving Renovation Projects: Accelerate the implementation of water-saving renovation projects in the irrigation district, completing the supporting facilities of field projects, promoting advanced water-saving irrigation technologies, and improving water resource utilization efficiency.
Informatization Construction: Accelerate the informatization construction of the irrigation district, improving the data acquisition, transmission, processing and application system, and improving the modern management level of the irrigation district.
Ecological Restoration Projects: Implement ecological restoration projects in the irrigation district, improving the aquatic ecological environment, ensuring ecological flow, and restoring the function of aquatic ecosystems.

Management Reform Plan:

Management System Reform: Deepen the reform of the irrigation district management system, improving the hierarchical management mechanism, clarifying the management responsibilities and authorities at all levels.
Operation Mechanism Innovation: Innovate the project operation mechanism, promote the separation of management and maintenance, property management and other models, improving management efficiency and level.
Water Use Management Reform: Deepen the comprehensive reform of agricultural water prices, improve the water price formation mechanism, implement metering and charging, and promote water conservation.
Service System Construction: Improve the irrigation district service system, cultivate water use cooperation organizations, and improve service quality and level.

Technological Innovation Plan:

Digital Irrigation District Construction: Promote the construction of digital irrigation districts, building digital twin models of the irrigation district, realizing comprehensive digital management of water resources, engineering facilities and ecological environment in the irrigation district.
Smart Irrigation District Construction: Promote the construction of smart irrigation districts, applying Internet of Things, big data, artificial intelligence and other technologies, improving the intelligent management level of the irrigation district.
Water-saving Technology Research and Development: Strengthen the research and development of water-saving technologies, promoting the application of advanced water-saving irrigation technologies, improving water resource utilization efficiency.
Ecological Restoration Technology Research and Development: Strengthen the research and development of aquatic ecological restoration technologies, promoting the application of eco-friendly engineering technologies, improving the aquatic ecological environment.

5.1.2 Medium and Long-term Development Plan (2030-2035)

Modern Irrigation District Construction Plan:

Modern Irrigation District Objectives: By 2035, basically complete the construction of a "complete facilities, water-saving and efficient, scientifically managed, ecologically sound" modern irrigation district, becoming a model for the modernization transformation of large irrigation districts nationwide.
Engineering Modernization: Fully complete the continuation, supporting facilities and modernization transformation of the irrigation district, making backbone projects and main structures meet design standards, and comprehensively eliminating safety hazards.
Management Modernization: Establish and improve a management system and operation mechanism that meet the requirements of modern irrigation districts, and modernize management methods and approaches.
Service Modernization: Establish and improve the irrigation district service system, significantly improving service capacity and level.

Water Resource Sustainable Utilization Plan:

Water Resource Optimization Allocation: Improve the water resource optimization allocation system of the irrigation district, realizing scientific scheduling and efficient utilization of water resources.
Water-saving Society Construction: Further promote the construction of a water-saving society, improving water resource utilization efficiency and benefit.
Water Ecological Protection: Strengthen water ecological protection and restoration, maintaining the health of aquatic ecosystems, ensuring water ecological security.
Water Safety Guarantee: Improve the water safety guarantee system, improving the ability to respond to extreme weather and emergencies.

High-quality Development Plan for Irrigation District:

High-quality Development Objectives: Promote the high-quality development of the irrigation district, realizing the transformation from engineering water conservancy to resource water conservancy, from traditional water conservancy to modern water conservancy, and from extensive management to refined management.
Industrial Integration Development: Promote the integrated development of water conservancy with agriculture, tourism, culture and other industries, cultivating new economic growth points.
Innovation-driven Development: Strengthen innovation-driven, promoting technological innovation and management innovation, improving the quality and efficiency of irrigation district development.
Open Cooperation Development: Strengthen international exchanges and cooperation, learning from advanced experience, enhancing the international influence of the irrigation district.

5.2 Development Trends and Suggestions

5.2.1 Water Environment Protection and Ecological Restoration Trends

Water Environment Protection Trends:

Shift from Pollution Control to Ecological Restoration: Water environment protection will shift from 单纯 pollution control to ecosystem restoration, focusing on the integrity and systematicness of aquatic ecosystems.
Shift from End-of-pipe Treatment to Source Control: Water environment protection will shift from end-of-pipe treatment to source control, focusing on reducing pollutant generation and discharge.
Shift from Single Measure to Comprehensive Treatment: Water environment protection will shift from single measures to comprehensive treatment, focusing on the combination of engineering measures and non-engineering measures.

Ecological Restoration Trends:

Combination of Natural Restoration and Artificial Restoration: Ecological restoration will adhere to the principle of giving priority to natural restoration with artificial restoration as supplement, giving full play to the self-repair ability of ecosystems.
Combination of River Basin Overall Planning and Regional Coordination: Ecological restoration will adhere to the principle of river basin overall planning and regional coordination, strengthening collaborative governance of upstream and downstream, left and right banks, main and tributary streams.
Combination of Ecological Protection and Livelihood Improvement: Ecological restoration will adhere to the principle of combining ecological protection with livelihood improvement, achieving the unity of ecological benefits, economic benefits and social benefits.

Policy Suggestions:

Improve the Legal and Regulatory System: Accelerate the improvement of the legal and regulatory system for water environment protection and ecological restoration, providing legal guarantees for water environment protection and ecological restoration.
Improve the Ecological Compensation Mechanism: Establish and improve the river basin ecological compensation mechanism, increasing compensation for ecological protection areas, mobilizing the enthusiasm of all parties to participate in ecological protection.
Strengthen Scientific and Technological Support: Strengthen the research and development of water environment protection and ecological restoration technologies, promoting the application of advanced and applicable technologies, improving scientific and technological support capabilities.
Strengthen Supervision and Law Enforcement: Strengthen the supervision and law enforcement of water environment protection and ecological restoration, severely punishing environmental violations, ensuring the implementation of various measures.

5.2.2 Smart Irrigation District Construction Trends

Smart Irrigation District Construction Trends:

Comprehensive Perception: Smart irrigation districts will achieve comprehensive perception of water resources, engineering facilities, ecological environment and other elements, providing data support for scientific decision-making.
Ubiquitous Interconnection: Smart irrigation districts will achieve ubiquitous interconnection of various information systems, breaking down information silos, realizing information sharing and business collaboration.
Intelligent Decision-making: Smart irrigation districts will apply big data, artificial intelligence and other technologies to achieve intelligent and precise decision-making.
Precision Control: Smart irrigation districts will achieve precision control of water resources and engineering facilities, improving water resource utilization efficiency and project operation benefits.

Key Technology Development Trends:

Digital Twin Technology: Digital twin technology will be widely used in irrigation districts, building digital twin models of irrigation districts, realizing comprehensive digital management of irrigation districts.
Internet of Things Technology: Internet of Things technology will be deeply applied in irrigation districts, realizing real-time monitoring and intelligent control of irrigation district elements.
Big Data Technology: Big data technology will play an important role in irrigation district data analysis and decision support, improving the scientificity and precision of decision-making.
Artificial Intelligence Technology: Artificial intelligence technology will be widely used in irrigation district intelligent diagnosis, prediction and early warning, and decision support, improving the intelligent level of irrigation districts.

Policy Suggestions:

Strengthen Top-level Design: Strengthen the top-level design of smart irrigation district construction, clarify construction objectives, tasks and measures, and promote smart irrigation district construction in a coordinated manner.
Increase Investment Intensity: Increase investment intensity for smart irrigation district construction, establish a diversified investment mechanism, providing financial guarantees for smart irrigation district construction.
Strengthen Standardization and Specification: Accelerate the standardization and specification construction of smart irrigation districts, unifying technical standards and data formats, promoting information sharing and system integration.
Cultivate Professional Talents: Strengthen the cultivation of professional talents for smart irrigation districts, improving the technical level and comprehensive quality of practitioners, providing talent support for smart irrigation district construction.

5.2.3 Water Resource Efficient Utilization Trends

Water Resource Efficient Utilization Trends:

Shift from Extensive Utilization to Intensive Utilization: Water resource utilization will shift from extensive to intensive, improving water resource utilization efficiency and benefit.
Shift from Single-objective to Multi-objective Coordination: Water resource utilization will shift from single-objective to multi-objective coordination, considering the needs of domestic, production and ecological water use as a whole.
Shift from Administrative Means to Market Mechanism: Water resource utilization will shift from mainly administrative means to mainly market mechanisms, giving full play to the decisive role of the market in water resource allocation.

Water-saving Technology Development Trends:

Integration of Water-saving Technologies: Water-saving technologies will develop towards integration, forming a complete water-saving technology system, improving water-saving effects.
Intelligence of Water-saving Equipment: Water-saving equipment will develop towards intelligence, realizing automatic control and remote monitoring of water-saving equipment.
Refinement of Water-saving Management: Water-saving management will develop towards refinement, realizing precise metering and scientific management of water use.

Policy Suggestions:

Deepen Water Price Reform: Deepen the comprehensive reform of agricultural water prices, establishing a water price formation mechanism that reflects water resource scarcity, water supply costs and ecological compensation, promoting water conservation.
Improve the Water Rights System: Establish and improve the water rights system, promoting water rights transactions, giving full play to the decisive role of the market in water resource allocation.
Strengthen Water-saving Publicity: Strengthen water-saving publicity and education, improving the public's awareness of water conservation and participation, forming a good atmosphere of water conservation throughout society.
Promote Water-saving Technologies: Increase the research and development and promotion of water-saving technologies, accelerate the elimination of backward water-using equipment and technologies, promoting the application of advanced and applicable water-saving technologies and equipment.

5.3 Strategic Positioning and Development Goals

5.3.1 Strategic Positioning

Pishihang Irrigation District is one of the largest irrigation districts in China, playing an important strategic role in ensuring national food security, promoting regional economic and social development, and maintaining ecological security.

National Food Security Guarantee Strategic Positioning:

Core Area of Food Production: Pishihang Irrigation District is an important food production base in Anhui Province, with an annual grain output of about 7 million tons under normal conditions, accounting for about 1/5 of Anhui Province and 1/100 of the whole country. In the future, it should continue to play the role of a core area of food production and ensure national food security.
Modern Agricultural Demonstration Area: Pishihang Irrigation District should accelerate the construction of a modern agricultural demonstration area, developing high-quality, efficient, ecological and safe agriculture, improving the comprehensive production capacity and competitiveness of agriculture.
Pioneer Area of Agricultural Scientific and Technological Innovation: Pishihang Irrigation District should strengthen agricultural scientific and technological innovation, promoting the application of advanced and applicable technologies, improving the scientific and technological content and added value of agriculture, building a pioneer area of agricultural scientific and technological innovation.

Regional Economic and Social Development Strategic Positioning:

Regional Economic Growth Pole: The regional GDP of Pishihang Irrigation District accounts for nearly 1/3 of Anhui Province, playing a huge role in the economic and social development of Anhui Province. In the future, it should continue to play the role of a regional economic growth pole, driving the high-quality development of the region.
Demonstration Area of Urban-rural Integration Development: Pishihang Irrigation District should accelerate the promotion of urban-rural integration development, promoting the free flow and equal exchange of urban-rural elements, building a demonstration area of urban-rural integration development.
Model Area of Ecological Civilization Construction: Pishihang Irrigation District should strengthen ecological civilization construction, promoting green development, building a model area of ecological civilization construction.

Water Security Guarantee Strategic Positioning:

Water Resource Guarantee Base: Pishihang Irrigation District is the main water source for Hefei, Lu'an and other cities, ensuring the drinking water safety of about 14 million urban and rural residents in the region. In the future, it should continue to play the role of a water resource guarantee base, improving water resource guarantee capacity.
Flood Control Safety Barrier: The engineering system of Pishihang Irrigation District has flood control functions, protecting the flood control safety of downstream areas. In the future, it should continue to play the role of a flood control safety barrier, improving flood control and disaster reduction capacity.
Support for Water Ecological Security: Pishihang Irrigation District should strengthen water ecological protection and restoration, maintaining the health of aquatic ecosystems, providing support for regional water ecological security.

5.3.2 Development Goals

Overall Development Goal: By 2035, basically complete the construction of a "complete facilities, water-saving and efficient, scientifically managed, ecologically sound" modern irrigation district, becoming a model for the modernization transformation of large irrigation districts nationwide, providing a solid support for ensuring national food security, promoting high-quality regional economic and social development, and maintaining ecological security.

By 2035, basically complete the construction of a "complete facilities, water-saving and efficient, scientifically managed, ecologically sound" modern irrigation district, becoming a model for the modernization transformation of large irrigation districts nationwide, providing a solid support for ensuring national food security, promoting high-quality regional economic and social development, and maintaining ecological security.

Specific Development Goals:

Engineering Safety Goal: Fully complete the continuation, supporting facilities and modernization transformation of the irrigation district, making backbone projects and main structures meet design standards, comprehensively eliminating safety hazards, and significantly improving engineering safety guarantee capacity.
Water Resource Utilization Goal: Increase the irrigation water utilization coefficient to above 0.65, with annual water savings reaching more than 1.5 billion cubic meters, significantly improving water resource utilization efficiency and benefit.
Management Modernization Goal: Establish and improve a management system and operation mechanism that meet the requirements of modern irrigation districts, modernize management methods and approaches, and significantly improve management efficiency and level.
Ecological Environment Goal: Basically restore the function of aquatic ecosystems, significantly improve the aquatic ecological environment, fully meet the water quality standards for drinking water sources, and effectively guarantee ecological flow.
Economic Benefit Goal: Significantly improve the comprehensive production capacity of agriculture, stabilize grain output above 7 million tons, continuously increase farmers' income, and significantly enhance the economic vitality of the irrigation district.
Social Benefit Goal: Increase the irrigation guarantee rate to above 85%, effectively guarantee urban and rural water supply safety, significantly improve the rural living environment, and significantly increase public satisfaction.

Strategic Measures:

Implement Project Consolidation and Enhancement Actions: Fully complete the continuation, supporting facilities and modernization transformation of the irrigation district, eliminate project safety hazards, improve project safety guarantee capacity and water delivery efficiency.
Implement Water-saving and Efficiency Enhancement Actions: Accelerate the promotion of advanced water-saving irrigation technologies, promote the comprehensive reform of agricultural water prices, improve water resource utilization efficiency and benefit.
Implement Digital Irrigation District Construction Actions: Accelerate the promotion of digital irrigation district construction, apply Internet of Things, big data, artificial intelligence and other technologies, improve the modern management level of the irrigation district.
Implement Ecological Restoration Actions: Strengthen water ecological protection and restoration, ensure ecological flow, improve the aquatic ecological environment, maintain the health of aquatic ecosystems.
Implement Management Innovation Actions: Deepen the reform of the irrigation district management system, innovate operation mechanisms, improve service systems, improve management efficiency and level.
Implement Coordinated Development Actions: Strengthen the integrated development of water conservancy with agriculture, tourism, culture and other industries, promote the high-quality development of the irrigation district.

6. Conclusion

The continuation, supporting facilities and water-saving renovation project of Pishihang Irrigation District is a complex systematic project involving project construction, management reform, technological innovation and other aspects. Through years of practice, the project has achieved remarkable economic, social and ecological benefits, making important contributions to ensuring national food security, promoting regional economic and social development, and maintaining ecological security.

Remarkable Project Construction Achievements:

Significantly Improved Project Safety Guarantee Capacity: Through the reinforcement of dangerous buildings and the treatment of dangerous sections, project safety hazards have been eliminated, and project safety guarantee capacity has been improved.
Significantly Improved Water Resource Utilization Efficiency: Through canal anti-seepage lining, improvement of water measurement facilities and other measures, the water utilization coefficient of the canal system has increased from 0.50 before renovation to 0.56, and the irrigation water utilization coefficient has increased from 0.45 before renovation to 0.52.
明显改善灌溉条件: 通过灌区续建配套，改善灌溉面积 860 万亩，恢复灌溉面积 140 万亩，灌溉保证率提高到 80% 以上。
节水效果显著: 通过渠道防渗和推广节水灌溉技术，年节水量达到 36356 万方，单位面积节水率达 28%。
经济效益显著: 粮食单产由 485kg / 亩提高到 514kg / 亩，年增粮食产量约 20 万吨，增加经济效益约 4 亿元。

技术创新成果丰硕:

渠道防渗技术创新: 应用 SCL 防渗膜、聚丙烯纤维混凝土等新型防渗材料，提高了防渗效果和耐久性。
渠系建筑物改造技术创新: 应用高压定喷防渗墙、多头小直径水泥土防渗墙等技术，解决了深厚覆盖层的防渗难题。
节水灌溉技术创新: 推广水稻 "浅湿间歇" 灌溉技术、智能化灌溉控制系统等高效节水技术，提高了节水效果和作物产量。
信息化与智能化技术创新: 应用数字孪生、物联网、大数据等技术，提高了灌区管理现代化水平和决策科学性。

管理改革深入推进:

项目法人责任制创新: 实行统一项目法人制，建立分级管理机制，提高了工程建设管理效率。
用水管理模式创新: 推行用水户参与机制、用水合作组织等模式，提高了用水管理效率和服务水平。
公众参与模式创新: 建立 "民间河长" 机制、水情教育基地等平台，形成全社会共同参与的治水格局。

经验启示弥足珍贵:

坚持规划引领: 坚持规划引领，科学制定改造目标和任务，确保改造工作有序推进。
坚持政府主导: 坚持政府主导，强化组织领导，加大财政投入，为工程建设提供有力保障。
坚持科技创新: 坚持科技创新，推动技术进步，为灌区改造提供技术支撑。
坚持建管并重: 坚持建管并重，创新管理机制，确保工程长期发挥效益。
坚持系统治理: 坚持系统治理，统筹推进工程建设、管理改革和科技创新，形成工作合力。

展望未来，淠史杭灌区将继续深入推进续建配套与节水改造工程，加快建设数字灌区、智慧灌区，努力打造现代化灌区典范，为保障国家粮食安全、促进区域经济社会高质量发展、维护生态安全作出新的更大贡献。

在新的历史征程上，淠史杭灌区将坚持以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导，全面贯彻党的二十大精神，深入贯彻 "节水优先、空间均衡、系统治理、两手发力" 的治水思路，统筹推进水资源、水环境、水生态、水安全和水文化建设，奋力谱写淠史杭灌区现代化建设新篇章。

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