Pingxiang Sponge City Pilot Project

1. Project Overview and Background

1.1 Geographic and Hydrological Context of Pingxiang City

Pingxiang City is located in the western part of Jiangxi Province, at the watershed between Jiangxi and Hunan provinces. It is characterized by a typical karst topography and hilly landscape, with significant water scarcity issues despite abundant annual precipitation (1). The city experiences the paradoxical problem of "drought in sunny days and flooding in rainy days" due to its unique geographical conditions (1). As one of the 110 resource-constrained, water-quality-constrained, and engineering-constrained water-deficient cities in China, Pingxiang faced severe urban waterlogging challenges during its rapid urbanization process (1).

The Wanlongwan area, one of the most severely affected by waterlogging, experienced a 79.8mm rainfall event in July 2016 that resulted in a waterlogged area of 1.2 square kilometers with maximum water depth exceeding 1 meter. This event affected nearly 4,000 households and 15,000 residents, causing property losses of tens of millions of yuan (1). These challenges highlighted the urgent need for comprehensive water management solutions in the city.

1.2 Selection as a National Sponge City Pilot

In April 2015, Pingxiang was successfully selected as one of the first 16 national sponge city construction pilot cities in China, becoming the only city in Jiangxi Province to receive this designation (1). This opportunity provided a crucial chance for Pingxiang to address its urban water challenges through innovative approaches to stormwater management and urban planning.

The sponge city concept, inspired by low-impact development (LID) principles, aims to mimic natural hydrological processes by using green infrastructure to capture, infiltrate, store, purify, and utilize rainwater (2). The core objectives of Pingxiang's sponge city initiative are to achieve:

• No water accumulation under light rain (rainfall ≤22.8mm)
• No waterlogging under heavy rain (rainfall up to 30-year return period)
• No blackening or odor of water bodies
• Alleviation of urban heat island effect (1)

1.3 Project Scope and Implementation Framework

The Pingxiang sponge city pilot project covers a demonstration area of 32.98 square kilometers in the urban area, along with a sponge characteristic town (1). Within the demonstration area, 159 sponge projects with a total investment of 6.3 billion yuan have been planned, covering various aspects including urban roads, parks and green spaces, residential communities, rivers, lakes, and water systems (1).

The project follows a technical approach of "overall regional control—systematic construction—zoned governance," with a strategic focus on establishing an urban rain and flood storage and drainage system through "upper interception—middle storage—lower discharge" (6). This approach involves:

• Constructing flood diversion tunnels upstream
• Establishing large-scale storage water bodies midstream
• Building new stormwater culverts and drainage pumping stations downstream in waterlogged areas (6)

1.4 Implementation Progress and Achievements

Since the pilot project's launch in 2015, Pingxiang has made remarkable progress in its sponge city construction. In the annual performance evaluations of sponge city construction organized by relevant national departments, Pingxiang has ranked first nationally for two consecutive years (1). As of the current date (2025), 43 sponge projects have been completed, 74 are under construction, and 42 are awaiting construction, with a total investment of 4.653 billion yuan (1).

Key achievements include:

• Elimination or significant alleviation of waterlogging at 49 out of 84 waterlogged points in the pilot area
• Protection of 12,000 households (over 40,000 residents) in 43 communities from waterlogging
• Annual water conservation of 2.56 million tons
• Continuous improvement in the water quality of the Pingshui River, with decreases in chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, and total phosphorus (1)

Pingxiang's sponge city construction experience has gained wide recognition, evolving from a "national pilot" to a "national demonstration" (1).

2. Key Technical Applications and Case Studies

2.1 Permeable Pavement Systems

2.1.1 Technical Principles and Classification

Permeable pavement is a core technology in sponge city construction, allowing rainwater to infiltrate into the ground rapidly through special permeable materials, reducing surface runoff and replenishing groundwater (1). According to material types, permeable pavement systems can be classified into three main categories:

1. Permeable Brick Pavement: Uses permeable bricks with high water permeability and bearing capacity, suitable for sidewalks, squares, and other low-traffic areas (1).
2. Permeable Cement Concrete: Composed of cement, aggregates, water, and admixtures, featuring high strength and permeability, suitable for light traffic roads (1).
3. Permeable Asphalt Concrete: Modified from ordinary asphalt concrete, with good permeability and skid resistance, suitable for motor vehicle roads and parking lots (1).

The typical structure of permeable pavement includes a permeable surface layer, permeable leveling layer, permeable base layer, and permeable subbase layer. In some areas, PVC drainage pipes are added to handle heavy rainfall events (1).

2.1.2 Case Study: Jinluofeng Park Permeable Pavement Renovation

Project Overview: Jinluofeng Park, located in the old urban area of Pingxiang, was a low-lying area prone to waterlogging before renovation. The park has a total area of about 20,000 square meters, with approximately 5,000 square meters of permeable pavement renovated (1).

Renovation Measures:

1. Replacement of all original impermeable pavements with permeable bricks and permeable concrete
2. Installation of terraced bioswales along the mountain slope
3. Addition of a permeable drainage pipe system to collect rainwater into the park's storage pond (1)

Technical Applications:

1. Permeable Brick Selection: Locally produced permeable bricks with a permeability coefficient of 1.5×10⁻³m/s and compressive strength ≥30MPa were selected (1).
2. Pavement Structure: Adopted a structural design of 60mm thick permeable surface layer + 30mm thick permeable leveling layer + 150mm thick permeable base layer + 200mm thick permeable subbase layer (1).
3. Drainage System: DN50 PVC drainage pipes were installed in the permeable base layer at intervals of 8-10 meters with a slope of 0.3% (1).

Implementation Results:

1. Rainwater permeability in the park increased by more than 90% after renovation
2. No water accumulation occurred during continuous heavy rain in summer 2016, whereas water depth previously reached 30-50cm
3. Groundwater level in surrounding areas rose by an average of 0.5-1 meter
4. Annual runoff volume control rate in the park reached over 85%, exceeding the design target (1)

2.1.3 Technology Comparison and Analysis

A comparative analysis of different types of permeable pavement systems based on practical application effects and technical characteristics:

 

Technology Type	Advantages	Disadvantages	Applicable Scenarios
Permeable Brick Pavement	Good permeability, moderate cost, simple construction, low maintenance cost, high pollutant removal rate (80-90%)	Relatively low strength, easy to clog, vulnerable to freeze-thaw damage in cold areas	Sidewalks, squares, pedestrian streets, low-traffic roads
Permeable Cement Concrete	High strength, good permeability, strong durability, high pollutant removal rate (80-90%)	Higher cost, complex construction, difficult to repair	Light traffic roads, parking lots, squares
Permeable Asphalt Concrete	Good permeability, good skid resistance, low noise, high pollutant removal rate (80-90%)	High cost, high construction requirements, easy to age	Motor vehicle roads, parking lots, heavy traffic roads

Optimal Technology Selection Recommendations:

1. Sidewalks and Squares: Prioritize permeable brick pavement due to lower cost and simpler construction
2. Light Traffic Roads: Consider permeable cement concrete to balance strength and permeability
3. Motor Vehicle Roads and Parking Lots: Give priority to permeable asphalt concrete to meet both bearing and permeability requirements
4. Cold Areas: Strengthen anti-freezing measures for permeable pavements or select composite permeable structures (1)

2.2 Sunken Green Spaces and Bioswales

2.2.1 Technical Principles and Classification

Sunken green spaces and bioswales are commonly used technologies in sponge city construction for rainwater infiltration and purification. A sunken green space is a "depressed" permeable green area constructed in building communities, parks, and along roadsides (1). A bioswale is a vegetated depression that captures, treats, and infiltrates stormwater through plant, soil, and microbial systems (1).

Bioswales can be classified into two types based on structural complexity:

• Simple Bioswale: Mainly composed of overflow outlets, water storage layer, and covering layer
• Complex Bioswale: In addition to basic structures, includes soil replacement layer, geotextile for filtration, gravel layer for drainage, and drainage pipes (1)

2.2.2 Case Study: Pingxiang Broadcasting and Television Media Building Sponge Renovation Project

Project Overview: The sponge technology renovation project of Pingxiang Broadcasting and Television Media Building covers an area of over 10,000 square meters with a total investment of 4.81 million yuan. It is one of the demonstration projects of Pingxiang sponge city construction (1).

Renovation Measures:

1. Construction of approximately 2,000 square meters of simple sunken green space
2. Laying of approximately 3,000 square meters of permeable concrete pavement
3. Installation of permeable drainage pipe system and rainwater harvesting and utilization system
4. Renovation of the original drainage system to achieve rainwater and sewage separation (1)

Technical Applications:

1. Sunken Green Space Design:
   • Depression depth of 150mm, 15-20cm lower than surrounding roads
   • Planting soil layer thickness of 300mm, using modified soil formula (humus soil:garden soil:sand = 3:5:2)
   • Planting of drought-resistant and waterlogging-tolerant native plants such as Canna indica, Iris tectorum, and Thalia dealbata
   • Installation of overflow outlets to discharge excess rainwater into municipal 管网 when rainfall exceeds design standards (1)
2. Bioswale Application:
   • Three complex bioswales with a total area of about 500 square meters were set up around the building
   • Adopted a structure of bark covering layer (50mm) + soil replacement layer (600mm) + gravel layer (300mm)
   • Soil replacement layer medium used modified soil with organic fertilizer and microbial agents added
   • Installed DN150 perforated drainage pipes at the bottom with a slope of 0.5% (1)

Implementation Results:

1. Annual runoff volume control rate in the project area reached 82%, exceeding the design target by 7%
2. Rainwater runoff pollutant (SS) removal rate reached over 85%
3. Ambient temperature around the building decreased by 2-3°C on average in summer
4. Approximately 15,000 tons of rainwater can be collected and utilized annually for greening irrigation and road washing
5. No water accumulation occurred under rainfall conditions up to the 5-year return period (1)

2.2.3 Technology Comparison and Analysis

A comparative analysis of the technical characteristics of sunken green spaces and bioswales:

 

Technology Type	Advantages	Disadvantages	Applicable Scenarios
Sunken Green Space	Low construction cost, simple maintenance, wide application range, good landscape effect	Prone to secondary disasters in areas with high groundwater levels or serious runoff pollution	Park green spaces, road green belts, building communities
Simple Bioswale	Simple structure, lower cost, good purification effect, good landscape effect	Limited storage capacity, high requirements for soil permeability	Small green spaces, road intersections, parking lot perimeters
Complex Bioswale	Strong storage capacity, good purification effect, wide application range, good landscape effect	High construction cost, high maintenance requirements, large land occupation	Large parks, city squares, important commercial areas

Optimal Technology Selection Recommendations:

1. New Construction Areas: Prioritize complex bioswales to achieve comprehensive rainwater management
2. Renovation Areas: Choose sunken green spaces or simple bioswales based on site conditions
3. High Groundwater Level Areas: Use sunken green spaces with caution; consider elevated bioswales instead
4. Heavy Pollution Areas: Prioritize complex bioswales to enhance purification capacity
5. Arid Areas: Combine with rainwater harvesting and utilization systems to improve rainwater resource utilization (1)

2.3 Rainwater Wetlands and Storage Facilities

2.3.1 Technical Principles and Classification

Rainwater wetlands are facilities that use physical processes and aquatic plants and microorganisms to precipitate, filter, purify, and store rainwater. A rainwater wetland mainly consists of an inlet, pretreatment pond, shallow and deep marsh areas, overflow outlet, and slope protection (1).

Rainwater wetlands can be classified into the following types based on function and structure:

• Surface Flow Rainwater Wetland: Water flows on the surface with shallow water depth, good purification effect but large land occupation
• Subsurface Flow Rainwater Wetland: Water flows under the packing layer, with good heat preservation and sanitation conditions but high maintenance cost
• Vertical Flow Rainwater Wetland: Water flows vertically downward, with high treatment efficiency but complex structure (1)

Storage facilities are used to regulate peak flow rates of stormwater runoff, including retention basins and retention tanks. Retention basins can effectively reduce peak flow rates with lower construction and maintenance costs; retention tanks can also effectively reduce peak flow rates but are more expensive and have a single function (1).

2.3.2 Case Study: Yuhu Park Rainwater Wetland and Storage System

Project Overview: Yuhu Park is the "highlight" of Pingxiang sponge city construction, with a total area of about 150,000 square meters, of which water area accounts for about 50,000 square meters. The park was renovated and upgraded using 7 sponge city application technologies with a total investment of about 120 million yuan (1).

Renovation Measures:

1. Expansion of Yuhu water area and construction of rainwater wetland system
2. Construction of ecological slope protection and grass planting ditches along the lake
3. Construction of permeable roads and squares around the lake
4. Renovation of the original drainage system and construction of rainwater collection and storage system
5. Planting of aquatic plants and wetland vegetation to restore aquatic ecosystem (1)

Technical Applications:

1. Rainwater Wetland Design:
   • Adopted surface flow rainwater wetland form with an area of about 20,000 square meters
   • Set up a pretreatment pond for preliminary treatment to effectively remove large particle pollutants
   • Shallow marsh area water depth controlled within 0.3 meters, deep marsh area water depth not exceeding 0.5 meters
   • Planted aquatic plants of different water depths to form a multi-layered wetland ecosystem (1)
2. Storage System Design:
   • Yuhu as the main storage water body with a storage capacity of about 500,000 cubic meters
   • Three retention basins set up along the lake with a total storage capacity of about 30,000 cubic meters
   • Construction of an intelligent control system to automatically adjust drainage gates according to rainfall
   • Networking with surrounding drainage systems to achieve unified 调度 of stormwater in the region (1)

Implementation Results:

1. Annual runoff volume control rate in Yuhu Park reached over 90%, exceeding the design target
2. Water quality significantly improved, with COD, ammonia nitrogen, and total phosphorus decreasing by an average of 50-70%
3. Peak flood flow reduced by about 40% during heavy rains, reducing drainage pressure downstream
4. Ecosystem restored with multiple species of birds and aquatic animals recorded returning
5. Became a leisure and entertainment center for citizens, receiving over 500,000 visitors annually (1)

2.3.3 Technology Comparison and Analysis

A comparative analysis of different types of rainwater wetlands and storage facilities:

 

Technology Type	Advantages	Disadvantages	Applicable Scenarios
Surface Flow Rainwater Wetland	Simple structure, convenient maintenance, good purification effect, good landscape effect	Large land occupation, relatively low treatment efficiency, easy to breed mosquitoes	Urban parks, large green spaces, suburban areas
Subsurface Flow Rainwater Wetland	Good heat preservation, good sanitation conditions, high treatment efficiency, small land occupation	Complex structure, high maintenance cost, easy to clog	Built-up urban areas, heavily polluted areas, cold regions
Vertical Flow Rainwater Wetland	High treatment efficiency, good sanitation conditions, small land occupation	Complex structure, high construction cost, difficult maintenance	Areas with high water quality requirements, key urban nodes
Retention Basin	Low construction cost, simple maintenance, good storage effect	Single function, large land occupation, average landscape effect	Suburban areas, industrial parks, large parking lot perimeters
Retention Tank	Good storage effect, small land occupation, not affected by climate	High construction cost, difficult maintenance, single function	Built-up urban areas, areas with sufficient underground space

Optimal Technology Selection Recommendations:

1. New Construction Areas: Prioritize surface flow rainwater wetlands to balance ecological, landscape, and storage functions
2. Renovation Areas: Consider subsurface or vertical flow rainwater wetlands to reduce land occupation
3. Cold Regions: Prefer subsurface flow rainwater wetlands to avoid winter icing affecting performance
4. Heavily Polluted Areas: Adopt multi-stage wetland systems to improve purification effect
5. City Center Areas: Combine with underground spaces to build retention tanks and reduce ground occupation (1)

2.4 Green Roofs

2.4.1 Technical Principles and Classification

Green roofs, also known as roof gardens or vegetated roofs, involve planting flowers, plants, and trees on rooftops to reduce roof runoff through plant transpiration and soil infiltration (1). According to planting medium depth and plant types, green roofs can be divided into two types:

• Simple Green Roof: Planting medium depth less than 150mm, mainly with herbaceous plants, simple structure, lower cost
• Garden-style Green Roof: Planting medium depth exceeding 600mm, can plant trees, shrubs, and other plants, good landscape effect but higher cost (1)

A green roof is composed of plants, planting medium layer, filter layer, drainage layer, protective layer, and waterproof layer. Key factors to consider in design include roof load-bearing capacity, plant selection, and drainage system design (1).

2.4.2 Case Study: Pingxiang Construction Bureau Residential Compound Green Roof Renovation

Project Overview: The Pingxiang Construction Bureau Residential Compound is one of the demonstration communities of Pingxiang sponge city construction, with 12 residential buildings and a total construction area of about 50,000 square meters. Before renovation, the community suffered severe waterlogging, with roof rainwater directly discharged, exacerbating surface runoff (1).

Renovation Measures:

1. Implementation of green roof renovations on 6 residential buildings with a total area of about 3,000 square meters
2. Renovation of roads and squares in the community, laying permeable bricks
3. Construction of sunken green spaces and rain gardens
4. Renovation of the drainage system to achieve rainwater and sewage separation and rainwater collection and utilization (1)

Technical Applications:

1. Green Roof Design:
   • Adopted simple green roof design with planting medium depth of 150mm
   • Medium formula: humus soil:vermiculite:perlite = 5:3:2, bulk density controlled at 1.0-1.2g/cm³
   • Planted drought-resistant, cold-resistant, and barren-tolerant native plants such as Sedum lineare and Sedum sarmentosum
   • Installed dedicated drainage system connected to the community rainwater collection system (1)
2. Supporting Facilities Construction:
   • Construction of rainwater collection tank with a total volume of about 200 cubic meters
   • Installation of intelligent control system to automatically control irrigation according to soil moisture
   • Renovation of original drainage 管网 to increase rainwater storage capacity (1)

Implementation Results:

1. Rainwater runoff reduction rate of green roofs reached 70-80%, effectively reducing drainage pressure
2. Indoor temperature decreased by an average of 3-5°C in summer and increased by an average of 2-3°C in winter
3. Waterlogging in the community was basically eliminated, with resident satisfaction reaching over 95%
4. Approximately 12,000 tons of rainwater can be collected and utilized annually for greening irrigation and road washing
5. Community environmental quality significantly improved, becoming a model for old community renovation (1)

2.4.3 Technology Comparison and Analysis

A comparative analysis of different types of green roof technologies:

 

Technology Type	Advantages	Disadvantages	Applicable Scenarios
Simple Green Roof	Simple structure, lower cost, easy construction, easy maintenance, light weight	Limited plant species, average landscape effect, shorter service life	Ordinary residential buildings, industrial factories, general public buildings
Garden-style Green Roof	Rich plant species, good landscape effect, strong ecological function, long service life	Complex structure, high cost, difficult construction, heavy weight	High-end residential buildings, commercial buildings, important public buildings, landmark buildings

Optimal Technology Selection Recommendations:

1. New Buildings: Give priority to green roof design, with simple or garden-style options based on building function and requirements
2. Existing Building Renovations: Choose appropriate green roof type according to roof load capacity; simple green roofs are suitable for buildings with limited load capacity
3. Arid Areas: Select drought-resistant plants and water-retaining media to reduce irrigation needs
4. Rainy Areas: Strengthen drainage system design to prevent water accumulation from damaging roofs
5. Cold Areas: Choose cold-resistant plants and heat-preserving media to improve winter insulation effect (1)

3. Standard Specifications Application and Analysis

3.1 Pingxiang Sponge City Construction Standard System

Pingxiang sponge city construction strictly follows relevant national standards and specifications, while combining with local conditions to formulate a series of local standards and technical guidelines, forming a relatively complete standard system (6).

3.1.1 Main National Standards

Pingxiang sponge city construction mainly follows the following national standards:

1. "Technical Guidelines for Sponge City Construction—Low Impact Development Stormwater System Construction (Trial)": Guidance document issued by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, specifying basic principles, target decomposition, technical framework, and methods for sponge city construction (6).
2. "Code for Design of Outdoor Wastewater Engineering" (GB 50014): Specifies design standards and methods for urban drainage systems (6).
3. "Code for Planning of Urban Wastewater Engineering" (GB 50318): Specifies basic principles and technical requirements for urban wastewater engineering planning (6).
4. "Technical Specification for Permeable Brick Pavement" (CJJ/T188): Specifies design, construction, and acceptance requirements for permeable brick pavements (6).
5. "Technical Specification for Permeable Asphalt Pavement" (CJJ/T190): Specifies design, construction, and acceptance requirements for permeable asphalt pavements (6).
6. "Technical Specification for Permeable Cement Concrete Pavement" (CJJ/T135): Specifies design, construction, and acceptance requirements for permeable cement concrete pavements (6).
7. "Technical Specification for Planting Roof Engineering" (JGJ155): Specifies design, construction, and acceptance requirements for planting roofs (6).

3.1.2 Pingxiang Local Standards and Technical Guidelines

To ensure the scientificity and standardization of sponge city construction, Pingxiang has organized the formulation of a series of local standards and technical guidelines:

1. "Pingxiang City Sponge City Special Planning": Determines the overall objectives, technical routes, and key tasks of sponge city construction (6).
2. "Pingxiang City Sponge City Construction Planning and Design Guidelines": Specifies specific requirements and technical indicators for sponge city planning and design (6).
3. "Pingxiang City Sponge City Construction Standard Atlas": Provides standard design and structural details for sponge city construction (6).
4. "Pingxiang City Sponge City Construction Plant Selection Technical Guidelines": Specifies plant species and planting requirements suitable for Pingxiang area sponge city construction (6).
5. "Pingxiang City Sponge City Design Document Preparation Content and Review Points": Standardizes the preparation content and review standards for sponge city design documents (6).
6. "Pingxiang City Sponge City Construction Construction, Acceptance and Maintenance Guidelines": Specifies construction techniques, acceptance standards, and maintenance requirements for sponge city construction (6).

These standards and guidelines cover all aspects of sponge city planning, design, construction, and acceptance, ensuring that every link in the sponge city construction process has standards to follow (6).

3.1.3 Main Technical Indicators and Standard Requirements

The main technical indicators and standard requirements for Pingxiang sponge city construction are as follows:

1. Annual Runoff Volume Control Rate: Not less than 75%, i.e., no runoff is generated when daily rainfall does not exceed 22.8mm (1).
2. Drainage and Waterlogging Prevention Standard: 30-year return period rainstorm without disaster (1).
3. Urban Flood Control Standard: 50-year return period flood protection for the main channel of Pingshui River (1).
4. Rainwater Resource Utilization Rate: Not less than 15% for new areas, not less than 10% for renovated areas (6).
5. Green Space Rate: Not less than 35% for new areas, not less than 30% for renovated areas (6).
6. Permeable Pavement Rate: Not less than 70% for public areas such as sidewalks and squares, not less than 50% for parking lots (6).

For specific facility designs, Pingxiang has also developed detailed technical standards:

• Sunken Green Spaces: Depression depth generally 100-200mm, overflow outlet top should be 50-100mm higher than surrounding green spaces (6).
• Bioswales: Simple bioswales have a water storage layer depth of 200-300mm, complex bioswales have a soil replacement layer thickness of 250-1200mm (6).
• Rainwater Wetlands: Shallow marsh area water depth should be less than 0.3m, deep marsh area water depth should not exceed 0.5m (6).
• Grass Planting Ditches: Slope gradient should not be greater than 1:3, longitudinal slope should not be greater than 4%, flow velocity should be less than or equal to 0.8m/s (6).

3.2 Comparison of Pingxiang Standards with Other Regional Standards

3.2.1 Comparison with National "Sponge City Construction Technical Guidelines"

Pingxiang sponge city construction standards are consistent with the overall principles of the national "Sponge City Construction Technical Guidelines," but have been refined and supplemented in specific indicators and technical requirements:

 

Comparison Item	National "Sponge City Construction Technical Guidelines"	Pingxiang Local Standards
Annual Runoff Volume Control Rate	Recommended value 70-85%	75%
Drainage and Waterlogging Prevention Standard	General areas 2-5 year return period, important areas 5-10 year return period	30 year return period
Urban Flood Control Standard	Determined according to city scale and importance	50 year return period for Pingshui River main channel
Sunken Green Space Depth	Generally 100-200mm	Generally 100-200mm, can be appropriately adjusted for special areas
Bioswale Area	Generally 5-10% of catchment area	Generally 8-12% of catchment area
Permeable Pavement Rate	No specific provisions	Public areas such as sidewalks and squares not less than 70%

Pingxiang has put forward higher requirements in terms of drainage and waterlogging prevention standards and permeable pavement rates, which is based on Pingxiang's special geographical conditions and urban water problems (6).

3.2.2 Comparison with Other Pilot City Standards

Compared with other sponge city pilot cities, Pingxiang sponge city construction standards have the following characteristics:

 

Comparison Item	Pingxiang	Beijing	Wuhan	Shenzhen
Annual Runoff Volume Control Rate	75%	85%	70%	75%
Drainage and Waterlogging Prevention Standard	30 year return period	10 year return period	5 year return period	50 year return period
Technical Route	Overall regional control—systematic construction—zoned governance	Three-level control of basin—region—plot	Six-character policy (infiltration, detention, storage, purification, utilization, discharge)	Mountain-sea connection, blue-green network
Characteristic Technologies	Low impact development + ecological restoration + smart management	Green roofs + grass planting ditches + rain gardens	Lakes and wetlands + ecological ditches + urban green spaces	Vertical greening + vertical gardens + intelligent monitoring

Pingxiang's sponge city construction standards place more emphasis on systematicness and integrity, organically combining sponge city construction with urban transformation and development, ecological restoration, and industrial upgrading, forming a unique "Pingxiang model" (6).

3.2.3 Innovation Points and Advantages of Pingxiang Standards

The main innovation points and advantages of Pingxiang sponge city construction standards include:

1. "Sponge+" Concept: Integrates sponge city construction with old city renewal, municipal infrastructure improvement, 人居环境 improvement, and urban service quality enhancement (6).
2. "Overall Regional Control—Systematic Construction—Zoned Governance" Technical Path: Constructs a sponge city system from three spatial scales: citywide, central urban area, and demonstration area (6).
3. "Upper Interception—Middle Storage—Lower Discharge" Urban Rain and Flood Storage and Discharge System: Builds flood diversion tunnels upstream, sets up large storage water bodies midstream, and constructs new stormwater culverts and drainage pumping stations downstream in waterlogged areas (6).
4. "Five-Water Co-governance" Comprehensive Objectives: Organically integrates the requirements of improving water safety, water environment, water ecology, water resources, and water culture into the overall requirements of sponge city construction (6).
5. PPP Model Innovation: Integrates sponge projects in the 32.98 square kilometer demonstration area of new and old urban areas into 7 project zones, adopting the PPP model for systematic packaging and promotion (6).

These innovation points and advantages make Pingxiang sponge city construction standards more in line with local reality and also provide reference experience for other cities (6).

3.3 Standard Implementation and Supervision Management

3.3.1 Standard Implementation Mechanism

To ensure the effective implementation of sponge city construction standards, Pingxiang has established a complete implementation mechanism:

1. Whole Process Management and Control Mechanism: Incorporates sponge city construction requirements into various links of urban planning, land transfer, project approval, and construction management to achieve whole process management and control (6).
2. "Three Simultaneities" System: Sponge city facilities for new, renovated, and expanded projects must be designed, constructed, and put into use simultaneously with the main project (6).
3. Technical Review System: Establishes a sponge city construction technical review mechanism to conduct special reviews on project design schemes (6).
4. Quality Supervision System: Strengthens quality supervision of sponge city construction projects to ensure that project quality meets standard requirements (6).
5. Completion Acceptance System: Incorporates sponge city facilities into the project completion acceptance content; projects that have not been accepted or have failed acceptance shall not be delivered for use (6).

3.3.2 Supervision and Management System

Pingxiang has established a multi-level supervision and management system for sponge city construction:

1. Organizational Leadership System: Established a leading group for sponge city pilot construction with the Party Secretary as the team leader and the Mayor as the first deputy team leader, coordinating sponge city construction work (6).
2. Performance Evaluation System: Established a sponge city construction performance evaluation system to assess and evaluate various counties, districts, and relevant departments (6).
3. Public Participation System: Opened special TV programs, newspaper columns, and held special sponge city cultural performances to widely publicize the connotation and significance of sponge cities (6).
4. Social Supervision System: Established a sponge city construction social supervision mechanism to encourage public participation in supervision and evaluation (6).
5. Intelligent Management and Control System: Established a sponge city intelligent management and control platform to conduct real-time monitoring and management of sponge city facilities (6).

3.3.3 Standard Implementation Effect Evaluation

Through the evaluation of the implementation effect of Pingxiang sponge city construction standards, the following achievements have been found:

1. Project Quality Improvement: Strict implementation of standards and specifications has significantly improved project quality, with a one-time acceptance pass rate of over 98% (6).
2. Improved Technical Level: Through the implementation of standards, design, construction, and management levels have significantly improved (6).
3. Increased Construction Efficiency: Standardized design and construction have improved construction efficiency, with the average construction period shortened by 15-20% (6).
4. Enhanced Management Efficiency: Standardized management has improved management efficiency, with maintenance costs reduced by about 20% (6).
5. Significant Demonstration Effect: Pingxiang sponge city construction standards have become a national demonstration, attracting 大量参观考察 (6).

At the same time, some issues that need improvement have also been found:

• The operability of some standards needs to be improved
• The coordination between standards needs to be further strengthened
• Application standards for new technologies and materials are relatively lagging
• The intensity of supervision and inspection for standard implementation needs to be increased (6)

In response to these issues, Pingxiang is revising and improving relevant standards and strengthening standard publicity and training to ensure the effective implementation of standards (6).

4. Innovative Technologies and Experience Summary

4.1 Technological Innovation and Integrated Application

4.1.1 Sponge City Construction Technological Innovation

Pingxiang sponge city construction has made multiple breakthroughs in technological innovation:

1. New Permeable Material Development:
   • Developed permeable bricks using local coal gangue and waste ceramics as raw materials, reducing costs by about 30%
   • Developed highly permeable asphalt concrete suitable for rainy southern regions, with permeability coefficient reaching 1.2×10⁻²m/s
   • Developed self-cleaning permeable pavement materials to effectively solve the problem of permeable pavement clogging (1)
2. Ecological Restoration Technology Innovation:
   • Developed wetland plant combinations suitable for the Pingxiang area, improving wetland purification efficiency
   • Developed new ecological slope protection technology using a composite structure of gabion cages + plant communities
   • Innovated coal mine goaf ecological restoration technology, transforming abandoned mining areas such as Gaokeng Coal Mine into ecological leisure parks and photovoltaic power stations (1)
3. Smart Sponge Technology Innovation:
   • Developed a sponge city intelligent monitoring system to achieve real-time monitoring of rainwater runoff, water quality, water level, and other parameters
   • Constructed a sponge city digital twin model to achieve digital management of sponge city facilities
   • Developed a sponge city decision support system based on big data to improve the scientificity of management decisions (6)

4.1.2 Integrated Technology Application Case

Case Name: Wuping Sponge Characteristic Town

Project Overview: Wuping Sponge Characteristic Town is located in Anyuan District, Pingxiang City. It is the first sponge characteristic town in China, with a planned total area of 5.35 square kilometers and a total investment of 4.963 billion yuan (7).

Integrated Technology Applications:

1. "One Belt, One Core, Four Districts" Spatial Layout:
   • "One Belt": Ten Mile Huaxi Waterfront Landscape Belt, 6 kilometers long, with a total investment of 300 million yuan
   • "One Core": Sponge Town Core Area, including Sponge City Exhibition Hall, Horticultural Road, Sponge Settlement, etc.
   • "Four Districts": Religious Culture District, Leisure Agriculture District, Happy Sponge Home District, Mountain Sports Expansion District (7)
2. Diversified Sponge Technology Integration:
   • Adopted permeable bricks, permeable asphalt, permeable concrete and other "sponge bodies" to transform streets and roads into sponge-like structures
   • Constructed Ten Mile Huaxi Waterfront Landscape Belt, which combines water storage, drainage, and landscape functions
   • Built ecological corridors, improved supporting tourism and leisure facilities, and promoted beautiful countryside construction
   • Constructed China (Pingxiang) Sponge City Innovation Base to create a national sponge technology exchange platform (7)
3. Sponge Industry Cultivation:
   • Constructed sponge city innovation and entrepreneurship base to provide support for local start-up enterprises and innovative enterprises in the sponge city field
   • Cultivated sponge industry clusters to promote the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries
   • Developed a complete industrial chain including sponge technology research and development, product manufacturing, engineering design, construction and installation, operation and maintenance (7)

Implementation Results:

1. Waterlogging problems in the town were completely solved, achieving "no water accumulation in light rain, no waterlogging in heavy rain"
2. Water environment quality significantly improved, with water bodies reaching Class III water quality standards
3. Ecosystem restored with significantly increased biodiversity
4. Significant industrial transformation results with 19 sponge enterprises attracted to settle
5. Became an ecological leisure sponge town integrating sponge technology industry, waterfront tourism, rural sightseeing, sports and fitness, and health preservation (7)

4.1.3 Innovation Technology Promotion Application Prospects

Pingxiang sponge city construction innovative technologies have broad promotion application prospects:

1. New Permeable Materials: Permeable bricks and highly permeable asphalt concrete made from coal gangue and waste ceramics can be promoted and applied in resource-based cities nationwide (1).
2. Ecological Restoration Technology: Coal mine goaf ecological restoration technology can be promoted and applied in resource-exhausted cities nationwide (1).
3. Smart Sponge Technology: Sponge city intelligent monitoring system and digital twin model can be promoted and applied in sponge city construction nationwide (6).
4. Sponge Characteristic Town Model: The construction model of Wuping Sponge Characteristic Town can be promoted and applied in small and medium-sized cities nationwide (7).
5. PPP Financing Model: The PPP financing model of Pingxiang sponge city construction provides reference for other cities (6).

4.2 Management Model Innovation

4.2.1 Construction Management Model Innovation

Pingxiang sponge city construction has carried out multiple innovations in management models:

1. High-level Promotion Mechanism:
   • Established a sponge city pilot construction leading group with the Party Secretary as the team leader and the Mayor as the first deputy team leader
   • Seconded 4 deputy directors from the municipal finance, planning, construction, and water affairs bureaus to serve as full-time deputy directors, detached from their original units
   • Selected 18 personnel from the whole city to work 集中办公，achieving physical operation and normalized management (6)
2. "Six Combinations" Development Concept:
   • Combined sponge city pilot projects with mechanism and model exploration, ecological civilization construction, sponge industry cultivation, infrastructure construction, new urbanization, and utility tunnel construction (6)
3. PPP Model Innovation:
   • Integrated sponge projects in the 32.98 square kilometer demonstration area of new and old urban areas into 7 project zones
   • Adopted the PPP model for systematic packaging and promotion to attract social capital to participate in sponge city construction
   • Project companies are responsible for investment, financing, construction, and operation maintenance, while government functional departments conduct full-process performance assessment of project companies and pay according to performance (6)
4. "Buying Models with Funds" Mechanism:
   • Introduced Beijing Tsinghua 人居环境研究院 as the technical support unit for sponge city construction
   • Formulated and issued 7 plans including "Pingxiang City Sponge City Special Planning" and 3 standards and guidelines including "Pingxiang City Sponge City Construction Planning and Design Guidelines"
   • Established a unified indicator system and management model platform to achieve integrated management and control and prevent project fragmentation (6)

4.2.2 Operation and Maintenance Management Innovation

Pingxiang has carried out innovative exploration in the operation and maintenance management of sponge city facilities:

1. Professional Operation and Maintenance System:
   • Established a special sponge city facility operation and maintenance agency
   • Established a professional operation and maintenance team to improve maintenance technical level
   • Developed detailed operation and maintenance standards and operating procedures (6)
2. Intelligent Management Platform:
   • Established a sponge city intelligent management and control platform to conduct real-time monitoring and management of sponge city facilities
   • Developed a sponge city facility management information system to achieve full lifecycle management of facilities
   • Applied Internet of Things, big data and other technologies to improve management efficiency and level (6)
3. Diversified Fund Raising Mechanism:
   • Established a special fund for sponge city facility maintenance
   • Explored the government purchase of service model to introduce professional operation and maintenance enterprises
   • Established a sponge city facility maintenance insurance mechanism to reduce maintenance risks (6)
4. Public Participation Mechanism:
   • Established a sponge city facility adoption mechanism to encourage public participation in facility maintenance
   • Carried out sponge city knowledge popularization activities to improve public participation awareness
   • Established a public supervision and evaluation mechanism to promote the improvement of operation and maintenance levels (6)

4.2.3 Industrial Development Model Innovation

Through sponge city construction, Pingxiang has driven industrial transformation and upgrading, forming a unique industrial development model:

1. Sponge Industry Cluster Cultivation:
   • Compiled the "Pingxiang City Sponge Industry Development Plan" to clarify the development direction of the sponge industry
   • Issued "Several Tax Measures to Support Sponge City Construction" and established the Pingxiang Sponge Smart City Construction Fund
   • Established Jiangxi Sponge City Construction Development Investment Group to create a large sponge industry group integrating the whole industrial chain (6)
2. Traditional Industry Transformation and Upgrading:
   • Utilized local abundant coal gangue and waste ceramic resources to develop sponge material industry
   • Guided traditional building material enterprises to transform production of permeable bricks, permeable concrete, drainage pipes and other sponge materials
   • Promoted traditional ceramic enterprises to develop permeable ceramic products and expand industrial development space (6)
3. Innovation Platform Construction:
   • Completed sponge city innovation and entrepreneurship base to provide support for local start-up enterprises and innovative enterprises in the sponge city field
   • Established a sponge city industry technology innovation strategic alliance to promote industry-university-research cooperation
   • Constructed China (Pingxiang) Sponge City Innovation Base to create a national sponge technology exchange platform (7)
4. Industrial Talent Training:
   • Cooperated with universities to 开设 sponge city related majors to cultivate professional talents
   • Established a sponge city industry talent training base to improve the skill level of practitioners
   • Introduced high-end talents and teams in the sponge city field to enhance industrial innovation capability (6)

4.3 Experience Summary and Enlightenment

4.3.1 Main Experience

Pingxiang sponge city construction pilot work has accumulated rich experience:

1. Adhere to Planning Guidance:
   • Compiled 7 plans including "Pingxiang City Sponge City Special Planning" and 3 standards, providing scientific guidance for sponge city construction
   • Established the technical path of "overall regional control—systematic construction—zoned governance" to ensure the systematicness and integrity of sponge city construction
   • Defined the construction objectives of "no water accumulation in light rain, no waterlogging in heavy rain, no blackening or odor of water bodies, alleviation of urban heat island effect", enhancing the pertinence and operability of the work (6)
2. Strengthen Organizational Guarantee:
   • Established a high-level promotion mechanism, setting up a sponge city pilot construction leading group with the Party Secretary as the team leader
   • Implemented physical operation, seconding personnel from relevant departments to work 集中办公，improving work efficiency
   • Established a performance evaluation mechanism, incorporating sponge city construction into the performance evaluation of various counties, districts, and departments to ensure the implementation of various tasks (6)
3. Innovative Financing Model:
   • Adopted the PPP model for systematic packaging and promotion of sponge projects to attract social capital participation
   • Coordinated and integrated funds from various departments and 各级 governments to broaden the funding sources
   • Explored the "buying models with funds" mechanism to improve the efficiency of fund use (6)
4. Focus on Technological Innovation:
   • Introduced professional technical teams to provide technical support for sponge city construction
   • Carried out technological innovation and integrated application to solve a series of technical problems
   • Promoted industry-university-research cooperation to promote the transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements (6)
5. Adhere to People-oriented:
   • Combined sponge city construction with improving people's livelihood, focusing on solving waterlogging problems of concern to the masses
   • Strengthened publicity and education to improve public awareness and support
   • Focused on construction effectiveness, allowing the masses to truly feel the changes brought by sponge city construction (6)

4.3.2 Enlightenment and Reference

Pingxiang sponge city construction pilot experience has important enlightenment and reference significance for other cities:

1. Sponge City Construction Is a Profound Change in Urban Development Mode:
   • Sponge city construction is not only a technical issue, but also a change in urban development concept and mode
   • It is necessary to shift from the traditional "quick drainage" mode to the systematic governance mode of "infiltration, detention, storage, purification, utilization, discharge"
   • It is necessary to organically combine sponge city construction with urban master planning, land use planning, ecological environmental protection planning, etc. (6)
2. Sponge City Construction Requires Systematic Thinking and Overall Promotion:
   • Sponge city construction is a systematic project that needs to consider multiple aspects such as water safety, water resources, water ecology, water environment, and water culture
   • It is necessary to adhere to the technical path of "overall regional control—systematic construction—zoned governance" to achieve 全过程 control from source to end
   • It is necessary to pay attention to the combination of engineering measures and non-engineering measures to form a comprehensive solution (6)
3. Sponge City Construction Needs Innovation Mechanism and Diversified Investment:
   • Innovate investment and financing models to attract social capital to participate in sponge city construction
   • Establish and improve a diversified investment mechanism with government-led, market operation, and social participation
   • Explore sustainable operation and maintenance mechanisms to ensure the long-term effectiveness of sponge city facilities (6)
4. Sponge City Construction Needs to Adapt to Local Conditions and Develop Characteristics:
   • Adapt to local conditions to choose sponge city construction technologies and models suitable for local characteristics
   • Pay attention to protecting and utilizing natural ecosystems to give play to the sponge function of natural background
   • Combine urban characteristics and cultural heritage to create sponge cities with regional characteristics (6)
5. Sponge City Construction Needs Technological Innovation and Talent Support:
   • Strengthen technological innovation to break through key technical bottlenecks
   • Cultivate and introduce professional talents in the sponge city field
   • Promote industry-university-research cooperation to promote the transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements (6)

4.3.3 Future Development Direction

Based on the experience and achievements of Pingxiang sponge city pilot construction, the following future development directions are proposed:

1. Smart Sponge City Construction:
   • Strengthen the application of new technologies such as Internet of Things, big data, and artificial intelligence in sponge city construction
   • Construct a sponge city digital twin platform to achieve refined management and intelligent decision-making
   • Develop sponge city intelligent monitoring and early warning systems to improve the ability to 应对极端 weather (6)
2. Green and Low-carbon Sponge City Construction:
   • Combine sponge city construction with carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals to explore low-carbon development models
   • Promote green buildings and green infrastructure to improve the carbon sink capacity of urban ecosystems
   • Develop renewable energy to reduce the energy consumption of sponge city facilities (6)
3. Resilient City Construction:
   • Combine sponge city construction with the concept of resilient cities to improve the ability of cities to 应对 natural disasters
   • Strengthen urban drainage and waterlogging prevention capacity building under extreme weather conditions
   • Improve the urban emergency management system to enhance urban resilience (6)
4. Integrated Development of Sponge City and Rural Revitalization:
   • Introduce sponge city concepts into rural construction to promote coordinated urban-rural development
   • Strengthen rural water system governance and ecological restoration to improve rural water safety 保障能力
   • Develop ecological agriculture and rural tourism to promote rural industrial revitalization (6)
5. International Cooperation on Sponge City:
   • Strengthen exchanges and cooperation with international organizations and cities to learn from advanced experience
   • Participate in the formulation of international standards to enhance the international influence of China's sponge city construction
   • Promote China's sponge city technology and standards to "go global" and promote international cooperation and win-win results (6)

5. Conclusion and Outlook

5.1 Summary of Project Implementation Results

Since the implementation of the Pingxiang sponge city pilot construction project in 2015, it has achieved remarkable economic, social, and ecological benefits:

1. Significantly Enhanced Water Safety Guarantee Capacity:
   • 49 out of 84 waterlogged points in the pilot area have been eliminated or significantly alleviated
   • 12,000 households in 43 communities throughout the city, with more than 40,000 residents, are protected from waterlogging
   • Successfully 应对了 the continuous, widespread, and intense rainstorm weather in June 2017, with cumulative rainfall in the main urban area reaching 540.8mm, 2.3 times the average June rainfall of 238.0mm over the years, but no water accumulation occurred at various waterlogged points (1)
2. Significantly Improved Water Resource Utilization Efficiency:
   • Annual water conservation reached 2.56 million tons
   • Rainwater resource utilization rate reached over 15%
   • Groundwater was effectively replenished, with the groundwater level rising by an average of 0.5-1 meter (1)
3. Sustained Improvement in Water Ecological Environment Quality:
   • Water quality in the Pingshui River showed a continuous improvement trend, with chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, and total phosphorus all decreasing to varying degrees
   • Urban water body ecosystems were restored with significantly increased biodiversity
   • Urban heat island effect was effectively alleviated with an average temperature reduction of 2-3°C in summer (1)
4. Significant Improvement in Urban Quality and Image:
   • Completed a large number of urban parks such as Pingshui Lake, Yuhu Lake, Cuihu Lake, Julong Park, and Pingshi Park
   • Renovated nearly 200 back streets and alleys, improving the "last mile" of people's travel
   • The city has become more livable with significantly improved residents' happiness and satisfaction (6)
5. Remarkable Results in Industrial Transformation and Innovation Development:
   • Cultivated a number of sponge material production enterprises, forming a sponge industry cluster
   • Drove the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries and promoted economic restructuring
   • Constructed China (Pingxiang) Sponge City Innovation Base, enhancing the city's innovation capacity (6)

5.2 Technological Innovation and Experience Value

Pingxiang sponge city pilot construction has important value in technological innovation and experience accumulation:

1. Technological Innovation Value:
   • Developed a sponge city construction technology system suitable for rainy southern regions
   • Innovated coal mine goaf ecological restoration technology, providing reference for resource-exhausted city transformation
   • Developed a variety of new sponge materials to promote the development of the sponge material industry (1)
2. Management Model Innovation Value:
   • Innovated the technical path of "overall regional control—systematic construction—zoned governance"
   • Explored the experience of promoting sponge city construction through the PPP model in a systematic and packaged manner
   • Established a high-level promotion and physical operation organizational guarantee mechanism (6)
3. Standard Specification Innovation Value:
   • Formulated a series of local standards including "Pingxiang City Sponge City Construction Planning and Design Guidelines"
   • Established a whole process management and control standard system for sponge city construction
   • Formed standard specifications for the construction, acceptance, and maintenance of sponge city facilities (6)
4. Experience Promotion Value:
   • Pingxiang sponge city construction experience has been promoted nationwide, providing reference for other cities
   • The "Pingxiang model" has received high evaluation and recognition from relevant national departments
   • Pingxiang has ranked first in the national sponge city construction annual performance evaluation for two consecutive years (6)

5.3 Future Development Suggestions

Based on the experience and achievements of Pingxiang sponge city pilot construction, the following future development suggestions are put forward:

1. Deepen the Connotation of Sponge City Construction:
   • Organically combine sponge city construction with urban renewal, ecological restoration, industrial upgrading, etc.
   • Expand the field of sponge city construction from simply solving water problems to sustainable urban development
   • Enrich the connotation of sponge city construction to achieve the overall planning of water safety, water resources, water ecology, water environment, and water culture (6)
2. Improve the Level of Intelligent Management:
   • Construct a sponge city digital twin platform to achieve refined management
   • Apply new technologies such as Internet of Things, big data, and artificial intelligence to improve management efficiency and level
   • Establish a sponge city intelligent monitoring and early warning system to improve the ability to 应对 extreme weather (6)
3. Improve the Long-term Mechanism Construction:
   • Establish and improve the legal and policy system for sponge city construction
   • Improve the operation and maintenance mechanism for sponge city facilities
   • Establish a diversified fund-raising mechanism to ensure the continuous advancement of sponge city construction (6)
4. Promote High-quality Development of Sponge Industry:
   • Strengthen research and innovation of sponge materials to improve product quality and performance
   • Cultivate leading enterprises in the sponge industry to drive the development of industrial clusters
   • Promote the integrated development of sponge industry with digital economy and green economy (6)
5. Strengthen International Exchanges and Cooperation:
   • Strengthen exchanges and cooperation with international organizations and cities to learn from advanced experience
   • Participate in the formulation of international standards to enhance the international influence of China's sponge city construction
   • Promote China's sponge city technology and standards to "go global" and promote international cooperation and win-win results (6)

In summary, through systematic and integrated technical approaches and innovative and diversified management models, the Pingxiang sponge city pilot construction project has successfully solved urban water problems, improved urban quality and image, and promoted industrial transformation and innovation development, providing valuable experience and reference for sponge city construction nationwide. In the future, with the in-depth advancement of sponge city construction, Pingxiang will continue to play a leading and exemplary role, promote sponge city construction to a new level, and contribute "Pingxiang strength" to building a beautiful China (6).

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