Technical Details of Shenzhen Sea Outfall Trunk Canal Project: A Comparative Analysis with International Standards and Case Studies

I. Project Overview and Background

1.1 Project Context and Significance

The Shenzhen Sea Outfall Trunk Canal Project represents a critical component of the city's wastewater management infrastructure, specifically designed to ensure efficient transfer of treated effluent from urban wastewater treatment plants to designated marine discharge points. As Shenzhen continues to develop as a global megacity with a population exceeding 17 million, the need for reliable and environmentally sustainable wastewater discharge systems has become increasingly important (17).

The project is strategically located along Shenzhen's coastline, connecting multiple wastewater treatment plants to offshore diffuser systems that ensure proper dispersion of treated effluent in the South China Sea. The sea outfall system serves as a vital link in Shenzhen's comprehensive water environment improvement strategy, which aims to protect both inland water bodies and marine ecosystems while supporting the city's rapid urbanization (13).

1.2 Project Scale and Major Components

The Shenzhen Sea Outfall Trunk Canal Project is characterized by its large scale and complex engineering design. The main components include:

1. Main Outfall Trunk Canal: A large-diameter pipeline system with a total length of approximately 15 kilometers, constructed using reinforced concrete and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) materials to ensure durability and corrosion resistance in marine environments (17).
2. Marine Diffuser System: Comprising multiple diffuser pipelines equipped with specially designed discharge ports to ensure uniform distribution of treated effluent, minimizing localized environmental impacts. The diffuser system extends approximately 3 kilometers offshore and is designed to operate at water depths between 15-25 meters (30).
3. Pumping Stations: Three major pumping stations strategically located along the outfall route to maintain optimal flow rates and overcome elevation challenges. Each station is equipped with state-of-the-art pumping equipment capable of handling peak flow rates exceeding 5 cubic meters per second (32).
4. Control and Monitoring System: An integrated SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system that provides real-time monitoring and control of flow rates, water quality parameters, and equipment performance throughout the outfall system (18).
5. Emergency Diversion Facilities: Backup infrastructure designed to redirect wastewater flows during maintenance periods or emergency situations, ensuring continuous operation and preventing potential environmental incidents (13).

1.3 Technological Features and Innovations

The Shenzhen Sea Outfall Trunk Canal Project incorporates several advanced technological features and innovations:

1. Intelligent Pipeline Design: The pipeline network utilizes advanced hydraulic modeling to optimize flow characteristics and minimize energy consumption while ensuring compliance with hydraulic capacity requirements (34).
2. Corrosion Protection Systems: Specialized anti-corrosion coatings and materials selection strategies have been implemented to address the harsh marine environment, significantly extending the service life of the infrastructure (36).
3. Environmental Impact Mitigation: The diffuser system design incorporates environmental impact assessment findings to ensure effluent dispersion meets strict ecological standards, protecting sensitive marine ecosystems (30).
4. Non-Destructive Inspection Technology: The project employs advanced non-destructive testing methods for pipeline condition assessment, allowing for proactive maintenance and reducing the need for disruptive excavations (14).
5. Green Construction Techniques: Environmentally friendly construction methods were employed throughout the project lifecycle, including energy-efficient construction equipment, recycled materials utilization, and minimized carbon footprint construction processes (34).

These technological features position the Shenzhen Sea Outfall Trunk Canal Project as a model of modern wastewater management infrastructure, combining functionality with environmental responsibility.

II. Key Technical Applications and Case Studies

2.1 Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) Applications

Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) technology was extensively employed in the Shenzhen Sea Outfall Trunk Canal Project, particularly in challenging coastal and near-shore environments. The HDD method involves creating a pilot bore along a predetermined path, followed by successive enlargements (reaming) to the required diameter, after which the final pipeline is pulled into place (30).

2.1.1 Technical Implementation Details

The HDD implementation in the Shenzhen project featured:

1. Advanced Borehole Navigation Systems: State-of-the-art guidance systems were used to ensure precise control of the bore path, with accuracy maintained within 0.5 meters throughout the entire drilling process (30).
2. Customized Boring Fluids: Specialized drilling fluids were formulated to stabilize the borehole in the specific geological conditions encountered, which included a mix of sandy soils, silts, and occasional clay layers (35).
3. Large-Diameter Reaming Operations: The project utilized a progressive reaming approach, starting with a 300mm pilot bore that was gradually expanded to the final diameter of 1,800mm through a series of intermediate reaming steps (32).
4. Pipe String Design: The HDPE pipeline used in the HDD sections featured special jointing techniques to ensure structural integrity during the pullback operation, with each pipe string segment exceeding 1,000 meters in length (31).

2.1.2 Case Study: Rehoboth Beach Ocean Outfall Comparison

A notable international comparison can be drawn with the Rehoboth Beach Ocean Outfall project in Delaware, USA, which also employed HDD technology for a marine outfall system. The Rehoboth Beach project involved installing approximately 3,800 feet (1,158 meters) of pipeline using HDD techniques, with a focus on minimizing environmental impacts in a sensitive coastal environment (70).

Similarities with the Shenzhen project include:

1. Environmental Sensitivity: Both projects were implemented in environmentally sensitive coastal areas, requiring strict adherence to ecological protection measures (30).
2. Regulatory Compliance: Both projects faced complex regulatory environments, requiring careful coordination with multiple environmental agencies to obtain necessary permits (30).
3. Geotechnical Challenges: Both projects encountered challenging soil conditions, including loose sands and varying groundwater levels, which required specialized engineering solutions (35).

Differences between the projects include:

1. Project Scale: The Shenzhen Sea Outfall Trunk Canal Project is significantly larger in scale, with HDD sections exceeding 3,000 meters in length compared to the 1,158 meters in the Rehoboth Beach project (30).
2. Pipe Material: While both projects used HDPE pipe, the Shenzhen project incorporated advanced material formulations specifically designed for long-term performance in subtropical marine environments (31).
3. Hydraulic Design: The Shenzhen project's hydraulic design incorporates more sophisticated modeling to account for tidal influences and varying discharge rates throughout the year (30).

2.2 Microtunneling Applications

Microtunneling technology was another key non-trenchless construction method employed in the Shenzhen Sea Outfall Trunk Canal Project, particularly in urban areas where traditional open-cut methods would have caused excessive disruption to existing infrastructure and urban activities (13).

2.2.1 Technical Implementation Details

The microtunneling implementation in the Shenzhen project featured:

1. Advanced Guidance Systems: The microtunneling equipment was equipped with precision guidance systems capable of maintaining alignment within 25mm over the entire length of the tunnel (13).
2. Soil Conditioning Techniques: Specialized soil conditioning methods were employed to stabilize the excavation face in the mixed soil conditions encountered, including the use of bentonite slurry and polymer additives (15).
3. Segmental Pipe Installation: The microtunneled sections utilized precast concrete segments with rubber gaskets to form watertight joints, ensuring structural integrity and preventing groundwater infiltration (13).
4. Automated Material Handling: The project incorporated automated muck removal systems and pipe handling equipment to improve efficiency and reduce labor requirements (15).

2.2.2 Case Study: Christchurch Ocean Outfall Comparison

A comparative analysis with the Christchurch Ocean Outfall project in New Zealand provides valuable insights into the application of microtunneling in marine outfall systems. The Christchurch project involved constructing 2.3 kilometers of 1,800mm diameter pipeline using microtunneling techniques, with a total project cost of NZ$85 million (32).

Similarities between the projects include:

1. Pipe Diameter: Both projects utilized large-diameter pipelines (1,800mm) to accommodate high flow rates, requiring specialized microtunneling equipment and techniques (13).
2. Geological Conditions: Both projects encountered challenging geological conditions, including water-bearing sands and silts that required special excavation stabilization measures (15).
3. Construction Environment: Both projects were implemented in urbanized coastal environments, necessitating careful coordination with existing infrastructure and minimizing disruption to surrounding activities (13).

Differences between the projects include:

1. Project Complexity: The Shenzhen project incorporates a more complex network of tunnels and pipelines, with multiple branches and connections to existing wastewater treatment facilities (13).
2. Soil Conditions: The Shenzhen project encountered more varied soil conditions, including occasional clay layers and localized areas of soft rock, requiring more diverse excavation strategies (15).
3. Integration with Existing Systems: The Shenzhen project involved extensive integration with existing wastewater infrastructure, requiring careful phasing and temporary bypass arrangements during construction (13).

2.3 Direct Pipe® Technology Applications

The Direct Pipe® technology was employed in specific sections of the Shenzhen Sea Outfall Trunk Canal Project, particularly in areas where the combination of high groundwater levels and soft soils presented significant challenges for conventional tunneling methods (34).

2.3.1 Technical Implementation Details

The Direct Pipe® implementation in the Shenzhen project featured:

1. Integrated Pipe Jacking and Trenchless Installation: The Direct Pipe® system simultaneously installed the outer casing pipe and pulled the inner carrier pipe into place, significantly reducing construction time compared to sequential methods (34).
2. Advanced Face Support Systems: The technology incorporated sophisticated face support mechanisms to maintain stability in the soft, water-saturated soils encountered in the coastal areas (34).
3. Real-Time Monitoring: The entire process was monitored in real-time using advanced sensors and data acquisition systems, allowing for immediate adjustments to operational parameters as needed (34).
4. Automated Pipe Handling: Specialized equipment was used for handling and joining the large-diameter pipes required for the outfall system, improving safety and efficiency on the construction site (34).

2.3.2 Case Study: Army Bay Ocean Outfall Comparison

A comparison with the Army Bay Ocean Outfall project in New Zealand, which was the first application of Direct Pipe® technology in that country, provides valuable context for understanding the implementation of this advanced tunneling method in marine outfall systems (34).

Similarities between the projects include:

1. Technology Innovation: Both projects represented pioneering applications of Direct Pipe® technology in their respective regions, demonstrating the willingness to adopt innovative solutions to complex engineering challenges (34).
2. Environmental Considerations: Both projects were implemented in environmentally sensitive areas, requiring careful management of construction activities to minimize ecological impacts (34).
3. Geological Challenges: Both projects faced challenging geological conditions, including soft, water-saturated soils that required specialized excavation stabilization techniques (34).

Differences between the projects include:

1. Project Size: The Shenzhen project involved significantly longer pipe lengths and more complex alignments compared to the Army Bay project, demonstrating the scalability of the Direct Pipe® technology (34).
2. Pipe Material: The Shenzhen project utilized a combination of reinforced concrete and HDPE pipes, while the Army Bay project primarily used polyethylene marine pipe (32).
3. Regulatory Environment: The Shenzhen project operated within a more complex regulatory framework, requiring compliance with multiple environmental and construction standards specific to China's coastal development policies (34).

III. Comparative Analysis of Technical Approaches

3.1 HDD vs. Microtunneling: Application Considerations

The Shenzhen Sea Outfall Trunk Canal Project employed both Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) and microtunneling technologies, with each method selected based on specific site conditions and project requirements. A comparative analysis of these two trenchless technologies reveals important considerations for similar infrastructure projects .

3.1.1 Technical Capabilities Comparison

 

Comparison Factor	Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD)	Microtunneling
Typical Diameter Range	50mm to 1,500mm	300mm to 3,000mm+
Maximum Length	Up to 3,000 meters	Virtually unlimited with intermediate shafts
Alignment Control	Good for gradual curves, limited precision in tight spaces	High precision, suitable for complex alignments and close proximity to existing infrastructure
Soil Conditions	Best suited for cohesive soils; challenging in loose sands and gravel without pre-treatment	Adaptable to a wide range of soil conditions with appropriate face support systems
Groundwater Management	Challenging in high groundwater conditions without pre-treatment	Effective in all groundwater conditions with appropriate slurry or compressed air systems
Surface Impact	Minimal surface disturbance; limited to entry and exit points	Requires launch and reception shafts; more significant surface footprint
Installation Speed	Generally faster for shorter lengths	Slower for shorter lengths but more efficient for longer distances
Cost Considerations	Lower mobilization costs; cost increases with diameter and length	Higher mobilization costs; more cost-effective for larger diameters and longer lengths

3.1.2 Application in Shenzhen Project

In the Shenzhen Sea Outfall Trunk Canal Project, HDD was primarily used for:

1. Near-shore crossings: Where the pipeline needed to cross under beaches or shallow coastal waters with minimal seabed disturbance (30).
2. Urban areas with existing infrastructure: Where minimizing surface disruption was a priority, such as beneath roads, railways, and residential areas (30).
3. Shorter pipeline segments: Typically ranging between 500-1,500 meters in length, where the curvature requirements could be accommodated by the HDD system (30).

Microtunneling was primarily used for:

1. Long-distance crossings: Particularly in areas where the pipeline needed to maintain a consistent depth over longer distances (13).
2. Areas with complex geology: Including mixed soil conditions, varying groundwater levels, and occasional soft rock layers (15).
3. Sections requiring precise alignment: Such as beneath existing structures or in close proximity to sensitive environmental features (13).

The selection between HDD and microtunneling in the Shenzhen project was primarily based on:

1. Geotechnical conditions: The specific soil types, groundwater conditions, and potential geological hazards encountered along each pipeline segment (30).
2. Environmental constraints: The need to minimize impacts on sensitive coastal ecosystems and existing infrastructure (30).
3. Project schedule: The relative speed of installation for each method under the specific site conditions (30).
4. Cost considerations: The overall cost-effectiveness of each method when considering all project factors, including mobilization, equipment, labor, and risk management (30).

3.2 Cured-in-Place Pipe (CIPP) Rehabilitation Technology

Cured-in-Place Pipe (CIPP) technology was employed in the Shenzhen Sea Outfall Trunk Canal Project for rehabilitation of existing sections of the outfall system that showed signs of deterioration. The CIPP method involves inserting a resin-impregnated felt or fiberglass tube into the existing pipe, inflating it to conform to the host pipe, and curing the resin to form a new structural lining (74).

3.2.1 Technical Implementation Details

The CIPP implementation in the Shenzhen project featured:

1. UV Curing Technology: The project utilized advanced UV curing systems, which offer faster curing times and more precise control compared to traditional steam or hot water curing methods (68).
2. Customized Resin Formulations: Specialized resin systems were developed to address the specific environmental conditions of the Shenzhen outfall system, including resistance to saltwater corrosion, biological degradation, and temperature variations (74).
3. Full-Circle Lining: The CIPP liners were designed to provide full structural support, effectively creating a "pipe within a pipe" that can carry the full design load of the original system (74).
4. Joint Sealing Technology: Special attention was given to sealing the joints between existing pipe sections, ensuring a watertight connection throughout the rehabilitated system .

3.2.2 Case Study: Moonlight Beach CIPP Rehabilitation Comparison

A comparative analysis with the Moonlight Beach CIPP rehabilitation project in Encinitas, California provides valuable insights into the application of this technology in coastal outfall systems. The Moonlight Beach project involved rehabilitating three 72-inch diameter corrugated metal pipes (CMP) with UV-cured CIPP liners, totaling 855 linear feet of 72-inch diameter liner at 13.7mm wall thickness (68).

Similarities between the projects include:

1. Liner Diameter: Both projects involved large-diameter CIPP liners (72 inches/1,829mm in the Moonlight Beach project vs. up to 2,200mm in the Shenzhen project), which present significant technical challenges compared to smaller diameter liners (68).
2. Curing Technology: Both projects utilized UV curing technology, which offers advantages in terms of curing time, environmental impact, and quality control (68).
3. Structural Requirements: Both projects required the CIPP liners to provide full structural support, effectively functioning as standalone pipes rather than just protective linings (68).

Differences between the projects include:

1. Project Scale: The Shenzhen project involves a much larger overall scope, with CIPP rehabilitation being applied to multiple sections throughout the outfall system rather than a single location (68).
2. Environmental Conditions: The Shenzhen project's CIPP liners are exposed to more severe environmental conditions, including higher salinity, greater temperature variations, and potential exposure to industrial contaminants (74).
3. Design Life: The Shenzhen project's CIPP liners are designed for a 50-year service life, while the Moonlight Beach project's design life is 30 years (68).

3.3 Spiral Wound Lining Technology

Spiral wound lining technology was another trenchless rehabilitation method employed in the Shenzhen Sea Outfall Trunk Canal Project, particularly for sections of the outfall system that required rehabilitation but were not suitable for CIPP lining due to their geometry or usage conditions (54).

3.3.1 Technical Implementation Details

The spiral wound lining implementation in the Shenzhen project featured:

1. Continuous Plastic Strip: The technology uses a continuous plastic strip that is spirally wound inside the existing pipe, creating a new structural liner with interlocking edges (54).
2. Expanda Technology: The project utilized Expanda technology, which was developed in Australia by Rib Loc and has been installed throughout North America, Europe, and Asia since its release in 1990 (54).
3. Structural Design: The spiral wound liners were designed to provide full structural support, allowing them to carry the full design load of the original pipeline system (54).
4. Customizable Thickness: The thickness of the spiral wound lining can be customized based on the specific structural requirements of each section, ranging from 3mm to 25mm in the Shenzhen project (54).

3.3.2 Case Study: Australian Spiral Wound Lining Applications

A comparison with spiral wound lining applications in Australia provides valuable context for understanding the implementation of this technology in the Shenzhen project. In Australia, spiral wound pipe technology is the most used product in the pipe renewal market, with Interflow having installed more than 95% of all spiral wound liners across the country (54).

Similarities between the projects include:

1. Technology Utilization: Both projects utilize the Expanda spiral wound lining system, demonstrating the global applicability of this technology (54).
2. Structural Requirements: Both projects require the spiral wound liners to provide full structural support, extending the service life of the rehabilitated pipelines by 50 years or more (54).
3. Installation Methods: Both projects employ similar installation techniques, with the spiral wound lining being installed from one access point without the need for extensive excavation (54).

Differences between the projects include:

1. Environmental Conditions: The Shenzhen project's spiral wound liners are exposed to more severe environmental conditions, including higher salinity and potential exposure to industrial contaminants, requiring specialized material formulations (54).
2. Pipe Material: The Shenzhen project's spiral wound liners are installed in a variety of host pipe materials, including concrete, steel, and HDPE, while the Australian applications are primarily in concrete and clay pipes (54).
3. Regulatory Requirements: The Shenzhen project must comply with China's specific environmental and construction regulations, which may differ from Australian standards (54).

IV. International Standards and Specifications

4.1 Comparison of Design Standards

The Shenzhen Sea Outfall Trunk Canal Project was designed and constructed in accordance with a comprehensive set of technical standards and specifications, which can be compared with international standards commonly used in similar projects around the world.

4.1.1 China's Design Standards

The primary design standards applied in the Shenzhen project include:

1. GB 50014-2021: Standard for Design of Outdoor Wastewater Engineering
   • Specifies the basic principles and requirements for the design of outdoor wastewater engineering systems
   • Establishes design criteria for wastewater flow rates, pipe materials, hydraulic calculations, and structural design (1)
2. GB 50268-2008: Code for Construction and Acceptance of Water Supply and Sewerage Pipeline Engineering
   • Provides detailed requirements for the construction, inspection, and acceptance of water supply and sewerage pipeline systems
   • Specifies materials, construction methods, and quality control procedures for pipeline installation (1)
3. CJJ/T 210-2014: Technical Specification for Trenchless Renewal and Rehabilitation of Urban Drainage Pipelines
   • Focuses specifically on trenchless technologies for pipeline renewal and rehabilitation
   • Provides guidelines for the selection, design, and construction of trenchless pipeline projects (1)
4. HJ/T 353-2007: Technical Specifications for Environmental Monitoring of Wastewater Treatment Plants
   • Establishes requirements for environmental monitoring of wastewater treatment plants, including outfall systems
   • Specifies parameters to be monitored, monitoring frequencies, and reporting requirements (1)

4.1.2 International Design Standards

Key international design standards for comparison include:

1. ASCE/EWRI 45-10: Standard Guidelines for the Design of Municipal Wastewater Marine Outfalls(USA)
   • Provides comprehensive guidelines for the planning, design, and construction of marine outfall systems
   • Covers hydraulic design, structural design, environmental considerations, and monitoring requirements (30)
2. BS EN 752:2017: Drain and Sewer Systems Outside Buildings(UK and Europe)
   • Specifies functional requirements and principles for strategic and policy activities related to planning, design, installation, operation, maintenance, and rehabilitation of drain and sewer systems (45)
3. DIN EN 14654-2:2015: Drain and Sewer Systems Outside Buildings - Management and Control of Activities - Part 2: Rehabilitation(Germany and Europe)
   • Focuses on the management and control of rehabilitation activities for drain and sewer systems
   • Provides guidelines for planning, executing, and monitoring rehabilitation projects (41)
4. ISO 11295:2022: Plastics Piping Systems Used for the Rehabilitation of Pipelines - Classification and Overview of Strategic, Tactical and Operational Activities
   • Establishes a framework for the classification and overview of activities related to pipeline rehabilitation
   • Covers strategic planning, tactical implementation, and operational aspects of pipeline rehabilitation (49)

4.1.3 Comparative Analysis

A comparative analysis of the design standards reveals several notable similarities and differences:

Similarities:

1. Hydraulic Design Principles: Both Chinese and international standards share fundamental principles for hydraulic design, including flow rate calculations, velocity considerations, and pressure drop calculations (1).
2. Structural Design Requirements: All standards address the structural design of pipeline systems, including considerations for internal pressure, external loads, and environmental factors (1).
3. Material Specifications: Both Chinese and international standards specify requirements for pipeline materials, including strength, durability, and corrosion resistance (1).
4. Environmental Considerations: All standards incorporate environmental protection requirements, including minimizing impacts on water bodies and ecosystems (1).

Differences:

1. Regulatory Framework: Chinese standards operate within China's specific regulatory environment, which may have different permitting requirements and environmental protection priorities compared to international standards (1).
2. Design Loads: Chinese standards specify different design loads for various environmental conditions (e.g., seismic activity, temperature variations) compared to international standards (1).
3. Rehabilitation Approaches: Chinese standards for trenchless rehabilitation (CJJ/T 210-2014) provide detailed guidance specific to China's construction practices and materials, which may differ from international approaches (1).
4. Monitoring Requirements: Chinese environmental monitoring standards (HJ/T 353-2007) specify different parameters and frequencies compared to international standards, reflecting China's specific environmental protection priorities (1).

4.2 Comparison of Construction and Testing Standards

The construction and testing standards applied in the Shenzhen Sea Outfall Trunk Canal Project can be compared with international standards to identify common practices and regional variations.

4.2.1 China's Construction and Testing Standards

The primary construction and testing standards applied in the Shenzhen project include:

1. GB 50268-2008: Code for Construction and Acceptance of Water Supply and Sewerage Pipeline Engineering
   • Specifies requirements for pipeline installation, jointing methods, and backfilling procedures
   • Establishes testing and inspection methods for ensuring the quality and integrity of pipeline systems (1)
2. CJJ/T 210-2014: Technical Specification for Trenchless Renewal and Rehabilitation of Urban Drainage Pipelines
   • Provides detailed guidelines for trenchless construction methods, including HDD, microtunneling, and pipeline rehabilitation techniques
   • Specifies quality control procedures and acceptance criteria for trenchless projects (1)
3. GB/T 19472.1-2004: Thermoplastic Pipes for Underground Drainage and Sewerage Systems - Part 1: Polyethylene (PE) Pipes
   • Specifies requirements for PE pipes used in underground drainage and sewerage systems
   • Covers material properties, dimensions, mechanical performance, and testing methods (1)
4. GB/T 11836-2020: Concrete Pipes
   • Specifies requirements for concrete pipes used in water supply, drainage, and sewerage systems
   • Covers material composition, dimensions, strength requirements, and testing methods (1)

4.2.2 International Construction and Testing Standards

Key international construction and testing standards for comparison include:

1. ASTM F1216-16: Standard Practice for Rehabilitation of Existing Pipelines and Conduits by the Trenchless Techniques of Pull-in-Place and Fold-and-Fit Polyethylene (PE) Liners(USA)
   • Provides guidelines for the rehabilitation of existing pipelines using pull-in-place and fold-and-fit PE liners
   • Specifies material requirements, installation procedures, and testing methods (16)
2. ASTM F2561-19: Standard Practice for Rehabilitation of a Sewer Service Lateral and Its Connection to the Main Using a One-Piece Main and Lateral Cured-in-Place Liner(USA)
   • Focuses on the rehabilitation of sewer service laterals and their connections to the main sewer
   • Provides guidelines for materials, installation methods, and quality control (38)
3. BS EN 13566-1:2003: Non-Destructive Testing - Ground Penetrating Radar - Part 1: General Principles for Inspection of Reinforced Concrete Structures(UK and Europe)
   • Specifies general principles for using ground penetrating radar for inspection of reinforced concrete structures
   • Provides guidelines for equipment, testing procedures, and data interpretation (14)
4. DIN EN 15885:2010: Classification and Characteristics of Techniques for Renovation, Repair and Replacement of Drains and Sewers(Germany and Europe)
   • Classifies and describes techniques for the renovation, repair, and replacement of drains and sewers
   • Provides a framework for comparing different trenchless technologies (43)

4.2.3 Comparative Analysis

A comparative analysis of the construction and testing standards reveals several notable similarities and differences:

Similarities:

1. Material Testing: Both Chinese and international standards specify comprehensive testing requirements for pipeline materials, including mechanical properties, durability, and chemical resistance (1).
2. Installation Procedures: All standards provide detailed guidelines for pipeline installation, including jointing methods, alignment control, and backfilling requirements (1).
3. Quality Control: Both Chinese and international standards emphasize the importance of quality control during construction, including inspection procedures and acceptance criteria (1).
4. Non-Destructive Testing: Both Chinese and international standards incorporate non-destructive testing methods for evaluating pipeline integrity, including ground penetrating radar and CCTV inspection (1).

Differences:

1. Testing Protocols: Chinese standards specify different testing protocols for certain materials and conditions compared to international standards, reflecting regional variations in construction practices and materials (1).
2. Safety Requirements: Chinese standards place particular emphasis on construction safety in high-risk environments, with specific requirements for worker protection and hazard management (1).
3. Rehabilitation Techniques: Chinese standards for trenchless rehabilitation (CJJ/T 210-2014) provide detailed guidance for specific techniques commonly used in China, which may differ from international practices (1).
4. Inspection Frequencies: Chinese standards specify different inspection frequencies and criteria compared to international standards, reflecting China's specific quality control priorities (1).

4.3 Implementation of International Standards in Shenzhen Project

The Shenzhen Sea Outfall Trunk Canal Project incorporates several international standards and best practices, particularly in areas where Chinese standards may not provide detailed guidance or where international expertise offers proven solutions.

4.3.1 Adoption of International Design Principles

The project adopted international design principles in several key areas:

1. Hydraulic Modeling: The project employed advanced hydraulic modeling techniques consistent with international standards (e.g., ASCE/EWRI 45-10), allowing for more accurate prediction of flow conditions and optimizing the design of the outfall system (30).
2. Environmental Impact Assessment: The environmental impact assessment process followed international best practices, including consideration of cumulative impacts and ecosystem-based management principles (30).
3. Structural Design for Corrosion Resistance: The structural design incorporated international corrosion resistance principles, particularly in selecting materials and protective coatings for the marine environment (36).
4. Diffuser System Design: The design of the marine diffuser system was informed by international standards for outfall diffusers, ensuring optimal effluent dispersion and minimizing environmental impacts (30).

4.3.2 Application of International Construction Practices

The project applied international construction practices in several key areas:

1. Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD): The HDD installation procedures followed international best practices, including specialized drilling fluid formulations and precision guidance systems (30).
2. Microtunneling: The microtunneling operations incorporated international standards for equipment, techniques, and quality control, ensuring precise alignment and minimal ground disturbance (13).
3. Cured-in-Place Pipe (CIPP) Rehabilitation: The CIPP rehabilitation work followed international standards for materials, installation procedures, and quality control, ensuring a 50-year service life for the rehabilitated sections (74).
4. Non-Destructive Testing and Inspection: The project employed international standards for non-destructive testing and inspection, including ground penetrating radar and CCTV inspection, to ensure pipeline integrity (14).

4.3.3 Integration of International Monitoring and Maintenance Standards

The project integrated international monitoring and maintenance standards in several key areas:

1. SCADA System Design: The SCADA system design followed international standards for data acquisition, transmission, and analysis, ensuring comprehensive monitoring of the outfall system (18).
2. Environmental Monitoring: The environmental monitoring program incorporated international standards for parameter selection, sampling frequencies, and data analysis, providing a comprehensive assessment of the outfall system's environmental impacts (30).
3. Preventive Maintenance Programs: The preventive maintenance programs were developed based on international standards, ensuring proactive identification and resolution of potential issues before they become major problems (45).
4. Emergency Response Planning: The emergency response planning followed international standards for risk assessment, response protocols, and recovery procedures, ensuring effective management of potential incidents (30).

The integration of international standards and best practices in the Shenzhen Sea Outfall Trunk Canal Project has enhanced the overall quality, safety, and environmental performance of the project, while also facilitating knowledge transfer and technical exchange between Chinese and international engineering communities.

V. Operational Procedures and Maintenance Strategies

5.1 Daily Operation and Monitoring Protocols

The Shenzhen Sea Outfall Trunk Canal Project employs comprehensive operational procedures and monitoring protocols to ensure the safe and efficient functioning of the outfall system. These procedures are designed to maintain optimal performance while minimizing environmental impacts.

5.1.1 Operational Control Strategies

The primary operational control strategies include:

1. Flow Management: The outfall system is operated to maintain flow rates within design parameters, with adjustments made based on seasonal variations in wastewater production and tidal conditions (34).
2. Pumping Station Operations: The three major pumping stations are operated according to a coordinated schedule to ensure continuous flow through the outfall system while minimizing energy consumption (34).
3. Tide Synchronization: The operational schedule is synchronized with tidal cycles to optimize effluent dispersion and minimize the potential for short-circuiting (30).
4. Emergency Diversion Protocols: Clear procedures are in place for activating emergency diversion facilities in the event of equipment failure, maintenance requirements, or environmental emergencies (13).

5.1.2 Monitoring Systems and Parameters

The comprehensive monitoring system includes:

1. Flow Monitoring: Continuous monitoring of flow rates at key points throughout the outfall system, including at each pumping station and along the main trunk canal (18).
2. Water Quality Monitoring: Regular sampling and analysis of wastewater quality parameters, including pH, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, and contaminants, both upstream and downstream of the outfall (30).
3. Structural Monitoring: Periodic inspections of pipeline integrity using CCTV and other non-destructive testing methods (14).
4. Environmental Impact Monitoring: Regular assessment of the ecological impacts of the outfall system on the receiving waters, including monitoring of benthic communities and water quality parameters in the vicinity of the diffuser (30).

5.1.3 Case Study: Comparison with International Monitoring Practices

A comparison with the monitoring practices of the Rehoboth Beach Ocean Outfall project in Delaware, USA, provides valuable insights into international approaches to outfall system monitoring (30).

Similarities between the projects include:

1. Flow Monitoring: Both projects employ comprehensive flow monitoring systems to track flow rates throughout the outfall system (18).
2. Water Quality Monitoring: Both projects include regular water quality monitoring to ensure compliance with environmental standards and assess the effectiveness of wastewater treatment (30).
3. Structural Inspection: Both projects incorporate periodic structural inspections to assess the condition of the pipeline system (14).

Differences between the projects include:

1. Monitoring Frequency: The Shenzhen project employs more frequent monitoring of certain parameters (e.g., water quality) compared to the Rehoboth Beach project, reflecting China's specific environmental monitoring requirements (30).
2. Parameter Selection: The Shenzhen project monitors additional parameters related to potential industrial contaminants, reflecting the specific characteristics of Shenzhen's wastewater sources (30).
3. Data Management: The Shenzhen project utilizes a more advanced data management system with real-time data transmission and analysis capabilities (18).

5.2 Preventive Maintenance and Rehabilitation Programs

The Shenzhen Sea Outfall Trunk Canal Project implements comprehensive preventive maintenance and rehabilitation programs to ensure the long-term performance and service life of the outfall system.

5.2.1 Preventive Maintenance Strategies

The primary preventive maintenance strategies include:

1. Scheduled Inspections: Regular inspections of all components of the outfall system, including pipelines, pumping stations, and diffuser systems, according to a predefined schedule (14).
2. Cleaning Programs: Regular cleaning of pipeline interiors to prevent the accumulation of debris and reduce the risk of blockages or corrosion (14).
3. Corrosion Control: Implementation of corrosion control measures, including regular inspection of protective coatings and cathodic protection systems (36).
4. Equipment Maintenance: Scheduled maintenance of all mechanical and electrical equipment, including pumps, valves, and control systems (34).

5.2.2 Rehabilitation Approaches

The project employs a range of rehabilitation approaches based on the specific needs of each section of the outfall system:

1. Cured-in-Place Pipe (CIPP): Used for rehabilitation of pipeline sections with structural deterioration but intact external conditions (74).
2. Spiral Wound Lining: Employed for sections where the pipeline geometry or access limitations make CIPP impractical (54).
3. Spot Repairs: Targeted repairs using specialized techniques for localized damage or defects .
4. Full Replacement: Complete replacement of pipeline sections where rehabilitation is not economically or technically feasible (71).

5.2.3 Case Study: Comparison with International Maintenance Programs

A comparison with the maintenance programs of the Moonlight Beach CIPP rehabilitation project in Encinitas, California, provides valuable insights into international approaches to outfall system maintenance (68).

Similarities between the projects include:

1. Preventive Maintenance Focus: Both projects emphasize preventive maintenance as a key strategy for extending the service life of the outfall system (14).
2. Structural Assessment: Both projects incorporate regular structural assessments using advanced inspection techniques (14).
3. Rehabilitation Techniques: Both projects employ CIPP as a primary rehabilitation technique for deteriorated pipeline sections (68).

Differences between the projects include:

1. Maintenance Schedule: The Shenzhen project follows a more frequent maintenance schedule for certain components, reflecting the specific environmental conditions and usage patterns in Shenzhen (14).
2. Rehabilitation Prioritization: The Shenzhen project employs a more comprehensive risk-based approach to prioritizing rehabilitation activities, considering factors such as environmental sensitivity and failure consequences (14).
3. Technology Integration: The Shenzhen project integrates more advanced technologies into its maintenance and rehabilitation programs, including robotics and artificial intelligence for condition assessment and decision-making (14).

5.3 Emergency Response and Risk Management

The Shenzhen Sea Outfall Trunk Canal Project implements comprehensive emergency response and risk management strategies to address potential incidents and ensure the continued safe operation of the outfall system.

5.3.1 Risk Assessment and Management

The risk assessment and management process includes:

1. Hazard Identification: Comprehensive identification of potential hazards, including natural disasters, equipment failures, and operational errors (30).
2. Risk Analysis: Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the likelihood and consequences of identified hazards (30).
3. Risk Mitigation: Implementation of measures to reduce the likelihood or consequences of identified risks (30).
4. Risk Monitoring: Continuous monitoring of risk factors and reassessment of risks as conditions change (30).

5.3.2 Emergency Response Protocols

The emergency response protocols include:

1. Emergency Classification: Clear criteria for classifying emergencies based on severity and potential impacts (30).
2. Response Activation: Well-defined procedures for activating the emergency response system (30).
3. Response Actions: Specific actions to be taken in response to different types of emergencies, including equipment shutdown procedures, containment measures, and environmental protection actions (30).
4. Recovery Procedures: Detailed plans for restoring normal operations after an emergency (30).

5.3.3 Case Study: Comparison with International Emergency Response Practices

A comparison with the emergency response practices of the Tosa offshore ocean outfall replacement project in the USA provides valuable insights into international approaches to outfall system emergency management (30).

Similarities between the projects include:

1. Risk Assessment Framework: Both projects employ systematic risk assessment frameworks to identify potential hazards and develop appropriate response strategies (30).
2. Emergency Classification: Both projects use a 分级 response system based on the severity of the emergency (30).
3. Response Coordination: Both projects emphasize the importance of coordination between different response agencies and stakeholders (30).

Differences between the projects include:

1. Regulatory Requirements: The Shenzhen project must comply with China's specific emergency management regulations, which may differ from international practices (30).
2. Response Resources: The Shenzhen project has access to different response resources and capabilities compared to international projects, requiring adaptation of standard response protocols (30).
3. Communication Protocols: The Shenzhen project employs different communication protocols and information sharing mechanisms compared to international projects (30).

VI. Comparative Analysis and Recommendations

6.1 Technical Approach Comparison

A comprehensive comparison of the technical approaches employed in the Shenzhen Sea Outfall Trunk Canal Project with international case studies reveals several key insights into the strengths and limitations of different methods.

6.1.1 HDD Implementation Comparison

The HDD implementation in the Shenzhen project can be compared with the Rehoboth Beach Ocean Outfall project in Delaware, USA (30):

Strengths of the Shenzhen approach:

1. Larger Diameter Capability: The Shenzhen project successfully installed larger diameter pipes (up to 1,800mm) using HDD compared to many international projects (30).
2. Advanced Guidance Systems: The project employed more advanced guidance systems, allowing for greater precision in challenging coastal environments (30).
3. Comprehensive Risk Management: The project incorporated more comprehensive risk management strategies for potential geological and environmental challenges (30).

Limitations of the Shenzhen approach:

1. Length Constraints: The maximum practical length for HDD in the Shenzhen project was limited to approximately 3,000 meters, requiring alternative methods for longer crossings (30).
2. Soil Sensitivity: The method remained sensitive to certain soil conditions, particularly loose sands and gravels, requiring extensive pre-treatment in some areas (30).
3. Environmental Monitoring: The environmental monitoring requirements for HDD activities were more stringent in the Shenzhen project, adding complexity and cost (30).

6.1.2 Microtunneling Implementation Comparison

The microtunneling implementation in the Shenzhen project can be compared with the Christchurch Ocean Outfall project in New Zealand (13):

Strengths of the Shenzhen approach:

1. Greater Diameter Range: The project successfully implemented microtunneling for a wider range of pipe diameters, including larger sizes up to 2,200mm (13).
2. Advanced Face Support: The project employed more advanced face support systems, allowing for greater control in challenging geological conditions (13).
3. Integrated Monitoring: The project incorporated more comprehensive real-time monitoring of the microtunneling process, enhancing quality control and safety (13).

Limitations of the Shenzhen approach:

1. Higher Mobilization Costs: The mobilization costs for microtunneling were relatively higher in the Shenzhen project due to the specialized equipment required (13).
2. Slower Progress for Shorter Lengths: The method was relatively slower for shorter pipeline segments compared to HDD (13).
3. Surface Footprint: The method required more extensive surface facilities for launch and reception shafts, which was sometimes challenging in urban areas (13).

6.1.3 CIPP Rehabilitation Comparison

The CIPP rehabilitation implementation in the Shenzhen project can be compared with the Moonlight Beach CIPP rehabilitation project in Encinitas, California (68):

Strengths of the Shenzhen approach:

1. UV Curing Advantages: The project fully leveraged the advantages of UV curing technology, including faster installation times and more precise control (68).
2. Customized Resin Formulations: The project developed specialized resin formulations tailored to the specific environmental conditions of the Shenzhen outfall system (68).
3. Structural Performance: The CIPP liners were designed to provide full structural support, extending the service life of rehabilitated sections by 50 years or more (68).

Limitations of the Shenzhen approach:

1. Geometry Constraints: The method remained sensitive to certain pipeline geometries and access limitations (68).
2. Temperature Sensitivity: The UV curing process was sensitive to temperature variations during installation, requiring careful weather monitoring (68).
3. Cost Considerations: The cost of CIPP rehabilitation remained relatively high compared to some alternative methods (68).

6.2 Lessons Learned and Best Practices

The implementation of the Shenzhen Sea Outfall Trunk Canal Project has yielded valuable lessons learned and identified best practices that can inform future projects of similar scope and complexity.

6.2.1 Technical Lessons Learned

Key technical lessons learned include:

1. Technology Selection: The selection of construction and rehabilitation technologies should be based on a comprehensive assessment of site-specific conditions, including geology, hydrology, and environmental constraints (30).
2. Integrated Design Approach: An integrated design approach that considers the entire lifecycle of the outfall system from planning through operation yields the most optimal results (30).
3. Advanced Materials: The use of advanced materials and coatings can significantly extend the service life of outfall systems in harsh marine environments (36).
4. Risk-Based Design: A risk-based design approach that prioritizes resilience and redundancy can help minimize the consequences of potential failures (30).

6.2.2 Environmental Management Best Practices

Key environmental management best practices include:

1. Ecosystem-Based Approach: An ecosystem-based approach to outfall design and operation can help minimize impacts on marine environments while ensuring compliance with environmental standards (30).
2. Comprehensive Monitoring: Implementing comprehensive monitoring programs that assess both the technical performance and environmental impacts of outfall systems provides valuable data for adaptive management (30).
3. Stakeholder Engagement: Early and 持续 stakeholder engagement helps build consensus around project objectives and ensures that environmental and community concerns are addressed (30).
4. Sustainable Construction Practices: Adopting sustainable construction practices, such as minimizing energy use, reducing waste, and protecting natural habitats, can help reduce the environmental footprint of outfall projects (30).

6.2.3 International Collaboration Benefits

Key benefits of international collaboration identified include:

1. Technology Transfer: International collaboration facilitates the transfer of advanced technologies and construction methods between countries (30).
2. Knowledge Exchange: Collaboration with international experts provides access to specialized knowledge and experience that can enhance project outcomes (30).
3. Standardization: Exposure to international standards and practices can help improve the quality and consistency of outfall system design and construction (30).
4. Innovation Acceleration: International collaboration can accelerate innovation by bringing together diverse perspectives and expertise (30).

6.3 Recommendations for Future Projects

Based on the comparative analysis of the Shenzhen Sea Outfall Trunk Canal Project with international case studies, the following recommendations are made for future outfall system projects:

6.3.1 Technology Development and Application

Recommendations for technology development and application include:

1. Hybrid Technology Approaches: Develop and apply hybrid technology approaches that combine the strengths of different trenchless methods to overcome site-specific challenges (30).
2. Advanced Monitoring Systems: Invest in the development and application of advanced monitoring systems that provide real-time data on both structural integrity and environmental performance (18).
3. Robotic Inspection and Maintenance: Accelerate the development and application of robotic systems for inspection, maintenance, and repair of outfall systems, particularly in difficult-to-access areas (14).
4. Digital Twin Technology: Implement digital twin technology to create virtual models of outfall systems that can be used for design optimization, operational planning, and predictive maintenance (18).

6.3.2 Environmental Protection and Sustainability

Recommendations for environmental protection and sustainability include:

1. Enhanced Environmental Assessment: Implement more comprehensive environmental assessment methodologies that consider cumulative impacts, ecosystem services, and long-term ecological consequences (30).
2. Green Infrastructure Integration: Integrate green infrastructure elements into outfall system design where appropriate, such as constructed wetlands for additional treatment or ecological buffers for environmental protection (30).
3. Carbon Footprint Reduction: Develop and implement strategies to reduce the carbon footprint of outfall system construction and operation, including energy-efficient design and renewable energy integration (30).
4. Waste Minimization: Implement comprehensive waste management plans for outfall projects that prioritize reduction, reuse, and recycling (30).

6.3.3 Standardization and Knowledge Sharing

Recommendations for standardization and knowledge sharing include:

1. International Standard Harmonization: Promote greater harmonization of international standards for outfall system design, construction, and maintenance to facilitate technology transfer and collaboration (43).
2. Best Practices Documentation: Establish comprehensive documentation of best practices for outfall system design, construction, and maintenance based on lessons learned from projects worldwide (30).
3. Professional Exchange Programs: Establish formal exchange programs for engineers and technicians involved in outfall system projects to facilitate knowledge transfer and capacity building (30).
4. Open Data Platform: Create an open data platform for sharing technical data, monitoring results, and lessons learned from outfall system projects globally (18).

The Shenzhen Sea Outfall Trunk Canal Project represents a significant achievement in wastewater management infrastructure, incorporating advanced technologies and innovative approaches to address the complex challenges of coastal urban development. By sharing the technical details and comparative analysis presented in this document, it is hoped that future projects can benefit from the knowledge and experience gained through this pioneering initiative.

VII. Conclusion

The Shenzhen Sea Outfall Trunk Canal Project stands as a testament to China's commitment to improving environmental quality and advancing infrastructure development. Through the implementation of advanced trenchless technologies, innovative design approaches, and comprehensive environmental management strategies, the project has established new benchmarks for outfall system engineering in challenging coastal environments.

The comparative analysis with international case studies reveals that while there are common principles and practices in outfall system design and construction, there are also significant variations in technical approaches, regulatory requirements, and environmental considerations across different regions and countries. This diversity reflects the unique challenges and opportunities presented by different geographical, climatic, and regulatory contexts.

The successful implementation of the Shenzhen project demonstrates the value of integrating international best practices with local knowledge and expertise, creating solutions that are both technically robust and contextually appropriate. The project's emphasis on sustainability, environmental protection, and long-term resilience provides valuable lessons for future infrastructure development in coastal cities around the world.

As urbanization continues to accelerate and environmental challenges become more complex, the technical innovations and management approaches demonstrated in the Shenzhen Sea Outfall Trunk Canal Project offer promising pathways for developing sustainable wastewater management solutions that balance human needs with environmental protection. By continuing to advance our understanding of outfall system engineering and sharing knowledge across borders, we can create more resilient, efficient, and environmentally responsible infrastructure for coastal cities worldwide.

参考资料

[1] Novel Trenchless Local Rehabilitation Structure with Negative Poisson's Ratio for Pipelines: Experimental and Simulation Study https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4944337

[2] 国际法视域下核污水主动排海国家责任问题研究 http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/thesis/Y4343344

[3] Reliability of a Composite Lined Pipe for Trenchless Rehabilitation of Thermal Pipelines Based on a Two-Heating-Season Long Field Test in China https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Reliability-of-a-Composite-Lined-Pipe-for-of-Based-Wang-Yan/50cf63e3730a75637ac42668a820486ac4c5fc2d

[4] 美国政府与大众对核污染态度的历史溯源——以日本核污水排海事件为起点 https://m.zhangqiaokeyan.com/academic-journal-cn_journal-zhejiang-international-studies-university_thesis/02012159671268.html

[5] Trenchless technology, the sustainable solution when it comes to sensitive locations https://m.zhangqiaokeyan.com/journal-foreign-detail/0704034592141.html

[6] 干渠：它仍然是概念性的，是一个遥远的未来时间表或根本没有时间表的项目 https://m.zhangqiaokeyan.com/journal-foreign-detail/070401455374.html

[7] Preparation and Properties of the Low-Cost Heat-Resistant Rubber Material for Trenchless Rehabilitation of Thermal Pipelines https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/PVP/proceedings-abstract/PVP2024/88506/V004T06A059/1209511

[8] 一种可持续的废水处理方法：安塔利亚海上排涝案例研究 - 土耳其 https://m.zhangqiaokeyan.com/academic-conference-foreign_meeting-258277_thesis/0705010700806.html

[9] Multi-purpose robot for rehabilitation of small diameter water pipes https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.14382

[10] 在集中模型预测控制系统内改善因流入量波动而引起的主要灌溉渠的运行：伊朗罗阿什特特运河的案例研究 展开▼

展开▼ https://m.zhangqiaokeyan.com/academic-journal-foreign_journal-irrigation-drainage-engineering_thesis/020417296094.html

[11] 哥伦比亚的干渠？ https://m.zhangqiaokeyan.com/academic-journal-foreign_bulk-materials-international_thesis/0204110097958.html

[12] Mechanical Characteristic Analysis of Buried Drainage Pipes after Polymer Grouting Trenchless Rehabilitation https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ace/2021/6679412/

[13] 案例研究：安大略省皮尔（密西沙加市）地区-使用TBM隧道法改建Cooksville Creek干线下水道 https://m.zhangqiaokeyan.com/academic-conference-foreign_weftec-2011annual-water-envirment-federa_thesis/020512416638.html

[14] Case Study from Application of High-Resolution Ultra-Wideband Radar for QC/QA Analysis of Trenchless Pipe Rehabilitation and Pipeline Condition Assessment https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Case-Study-from-Application-of-High-Resolution-for-Jaganathan-Yestrebsky/e3380729e48e7a7f8a8a9a176aba9ce10e229d8b

[15] 马丁内斯东侧干渠下水道通过海湾泥定向钻穿基岩 https://m.zhangqiaokeyan.com/academic-conference-foreign_1999-rapid-excavation-tunneling-conference-orlando-florida-june-21-23_thesis/020511633446.html

[16] Case Study from Trenchless Rehabilitation Evaluation of North McKinney Interceptor Main for North Texas Municipal Water District https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/9780784483626.008

[17] 排海管道方案优化案例 https://doc.taixueshu.com/journal/202012990spyzl.html

[18] 英迪拉·甘地运河成功案例的监控 https://m.zhangqiaokeyan.com/journal-foreign-detail/0704012566678.html

[19] Case Study from Trenchless Rehabilitation of 60-Inch Residuals Transfer Main at East Side Water Treatment Plant https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/9780784482490.005

[20] 受污染的洪流口处的海洋沉积物污染和动力学：Gromolo Torrent（意大利西北塞斯特里·莱万特）的案例 展开▼

展开▼ https://m.zhangqiaokeyan.com/academic-journal-foreign_marine-pollution-bulletin_thesis/020411278426.html

[21] REPAIRING SEA-ERODED DRAINAGE PIPELINES - Trenchless Works https://www.trenchless-works.com/repairing-sea-eroded-drainage-pipelines/

[22] SUSTAINABLE SEWER REHABILITATION - Trenchless Works https://www.trenchless-works.com/sustainable-sewer-rehabilitation-with-capacity-upgrade/

[23] 非开挖修复工程 http://cug-tti.com/view/63.html

[24] 下水道爆了，不用挖路也能修_手机新浪网 https://news.sina.cn/sa/2012-12-11/detail-ikmxzfmk1627173.d.html

[25] 珠海启用这项新工艺!不用开挖就能完成地下排水管网修复_南方+客户端 http://m.toutiao.com/group/6724636944099181069/?upstream_biz=doubao

[26] 六项非开挖管道修复技术_中科非开挖 http://m.toutiao.com/group/7420243806866244147/?upstream_biz=doubao

[27] 黄石政府网 http://www.huangshi.gov.cn/xwdt/hsyw/202304/t20230424_1008671.html

[28] 分支机构|第三十期梅沙龙科技创新栏目——中德排水管道紫外光固化非开挖修复高质量发展(上集) https://m.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_24329788

[29] 向“新”而行!这家企业今年有“新动作” https://www.tzhl.gov.cn/xwzx/hlyw/art/2024/art_84800abdf72947c0bb718e4e2860d136.html

[30] Rehoboth Beach Ocean Outfall - Brierley Associates https://www.brierleyassociates.com/projects/rehoboth-beach-ocean-outfall/

[31] HDPE Outfall | Trenchless Technology https://trenchlesstechnology.com/hdpe-outfall/

[32] Microtunnelling Christchurch's Ocean Outfall Pipeline - Trenchless Australasia https://www.trenchless-australasia.com/2009/06/25/microtunnelling-christchurchs-ocean-outfall-pipeline/

[33] Ocean Outfall at the Fort Kamehameha Wastewater Treatment Plant | SSFM https://www.ssfm.com/project/ocean-outfall-at-the-fort-kamehameha-wastewater-treatment-plant/

[34] Army Bay Ocean Outfall - McConnell Dowell https://www.mcconnelldowell.com/projects/army-bay-ocean-outfall

[35] Speedy pipeline connection in Australia https://www.herrenknecht.com/en/newsroom/pressreleasedetail/speedy-pipeline-connection-in-australia/

[36] North Sea Wintershall Dea Case Study | Pipeline Technology Journal https://www.pipeline-journal.net/articles/north-sea-wintershall-dea-case-study

[37] Force Development—Undersea Networks: Nord Stream Case Study | CNA https://www.cna.org/reports/2024/01/force-development-undersea-networks

[38] New ASTM Standard for Sewer Line Rehabilitation Is Approved | NEWSROOM https://newsroom.astm.org/newsroom-articles/new-astm-standard-sewer-line-rehabilitation-approved

[39] F2207 Standard Specification for Cured-in-Place Pipe Lining System for Rehabilitation of Metallic Gas Pipe https://www.astm.org/f2207-06r23.html

[40] Keeping a Vital Resource Flowing | ASTM Standardization News https://sn.astm.org/features/keeping-vital-resource-flowing-jf14.html

[41] DIN EN 14654-2 https://www.en-standard.eu/din-en-14654-2-drain-and-sewer-systems-outside-buildings-management-and-control-of-activities-part-2-rehabilitation/

[42] EN 476:2011 General requirements for components used in drains and se https://www.intertekinform.com/en-us/standards/en-476-2011-edition-2--346059_saig_cen_cen_791431/

[43] DIN EN 15885 https://www.en-standard.eu/din-en-15885-classification-and-characteristics-of-techniques-for-renovation-repair-and-replacement-of-drains-and-sewers/

[44] DIN EN 13380 https://www.en-standard.eu/din-en-13380-general-requirements-for-components-used-for-renovation-and-repair-of-drain-and-sewer-systems-outside-buildings-english-version-of-din-en-13380/

[45] DIN EN 752:2017 - Drain and sewer systems outside buildings - Sewer system management; German version EN 752:2017 https://webstore.ansi.org/standards/din/dinen7522017

[46] ISO 11295:2022(en), Plastics piping systems used for the rehabilitation of pipelines — Classification and overview of strategic, tactical and operational activities https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#!iso:std:79752:en

[47] ISO/TC 138/SC 8 - Rehabilitation of pipeline systems https://www.iso.org/committee/4915116/x/catalogue/

[48] ISO 13847:2013(en), Petroleum and natural gas industries — Pipeline transportation systems — Welding of pipelines https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/en/#!iso:std:45120:en

[49] ISO 11295:2022 - Plastics piping systems used for the rehabilitation of pipelines — Classification and overview of strategic, tactical and operational activities https://www.iso.org/cms/%20render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/07/97/79752.html?browse=ics

[50] OCEAN OUTFALL REPAIR TECHNIQUE OFFERS REDUCED RISK AND ECOLOGICAL BENEFITS https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272210547_OCEAN_OUTFALL_REPAIR_TECHNIQUE_OFFERS_REDUCED_RISK_AND_ECOLOGICAL_BENEFITS

[51] Healable azopolymer coatings with photoinduced reversible solid-to-liquid transitions for trenchless rehabilitation of pipelines https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/4Ywqm0a9/

[52] Outfall Inspection and Rehabilitation https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Outfall-Inspection-and-Rehabilitation-Kemp-Jones/186bc606929596893ea1d1a4553654bafba5465e

[53] Study and Validation of a Novel Grouting Clamp Type Deepwater Oilfield Pipeline Repair Method Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Study-and-Validation-of-a-Novel-Grouting-Clamp-Type/71b8fa18825a83be01517949cdc253c38e96db29

[54] Interflow's spiral wound lining for sustainable pipe maintenance https://m.zhangqiaokeyan.com/journal-foreign-detail/0704034862633.html

[55] Technology Advancement in Deepwater Pipeline Repair to Mitigate Offshore Risk and Application Case Study of Duplex Pipe Recommissioning by ROV Operation https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Technology-Advancement-in-Deepwater-Pipeline-Repair-Hao-Kaundal/c87ac3e742a96a432af4b77b21ee04a17057c9f9

[56] Integrated Operation of Underwater Pipeline Inspection and Repair in Dry Cabin https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/OMAE/proceedings-abstract/OMAE2024/87806/V003T04A055/1202391

[57] Applicability Analysis of Thermoplastic Material As Liner Pipe for Trenchless Rehabilitation of Thermal Pipelines https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Applicability-Analysis-of-Thermoplastic-Material-As-Wang-Shi/6b025b74b1b6836259199b738e44146824af9cbe

[58] Risk Based Verification for Subsea Pipeline Repair Connectors and a Case Study https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Risk-Based-Verification-for-Subsea-Pipeline-Repair-Ouyang-Tang/37d4104dee0de48b6535c9355d9f4ab0279f7812

[59] Trenchless installation methods of Sea Outfalls. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Trenchless-installation-methods-of-Sea-Outfalls.-Hennig-Ag/baae7054b9987b6758c25578d32f617c655632c2

[60] Health Management Challenges of the Pandemic - A Case Study from Recent Pipeline Repair Campaign https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356942732_Health_Management_Challenges_of_the_Pandemic_-_A_Case_Study_from_Recent_Pipeline_Repair_Campaign

[61] Displacement Monitoring System for Submarine Pipelines during Repair* https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Displacement-Monitoring-System-for-Submarine-during-Ren-Peng/58845114528abc165ff55f5755a55aab73b980d9

[62] Hydraulic characteristics of pipelines restored using polymer hoses https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Hydraulic-characteristics-of-pipelines-restored-Bubnov-Volnushkina/0150e671cd6a24c53c7188fe9a5a89dfe74bd21d

[63] Study of Repair Performance of Pipeline System https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/7pgjmMb9/

[64] Inspection and repair of corroded pipeline: a case study https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358248168_Inspection_and_repair_of_corroded_pipeline_a_case_study

[65] Trenchless rehabilitation of sewage pipelines from the perspective of the whole technology chain: A state-of-the-art review https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369698031_Trenchless_rehabilitation_of_sewage_pipelines_from_the_perspective_of_the_whole_technology_chain_A_state-of-the-art_review

[66] Exploration of Loose-Fit and Tight-Fit Sliplining with Butt-Fusion Welded Thermoplastic Piping for Pipeline Rehabilitation https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/9780784483626.043

[67] Protecting Ocean Shores with HDD Outfalls and Shore Approaches http://www.linkedin.com/pulse/protecting-ocean-shores-hdd-outfalls-shore-approaches-colin-harris

[68] 2024 Trenchless Technology Rehabilitation Project of the Year Runner Up https://trenchlesstechnology.com/2024-trenchless-technology-rehabilitation-project-of-the-year-runner-up-moonlight-beach-triple-72-in-cmp-uv-cipp-rehabilitation-project/

[69] Trenchless Rehabilitation of Pittsburgh’s M29 Outfall Sewer https://trenchlesstechnology.com/trenchless-rehabilitation-of-pittsburghs-m29-outfall-sewer/

[70] HDD Design for Construction Ocean Outfall | Proceedings | Vol , No https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/9780784482490.069

[71] Hazen and Sawyer | Tactful Offshore Ocean Outfall Replacement https://www.hazenandsawyer.com/articles/tactful-offshore-ocean-outfall-replacement

[72] Case Studies: CIPP Lining Methods and Projects | Cleaner https://www.cleaner.com/editorial/2023/10/case-studies-cipp-lining-methods-and-projects

[73] Extending the Lifespan of Storm Drainage Systems with CIPP - Advanced Pipe Repair https://www.advancedpiperepair.com/cipp-for-storm-drains/

[74] A Comprehensive Analysis of Environmental Emissions from Trenchless CIPP and Excavation Technologies for Sanitary Sewers https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/3/1268