Technical Specification of Wuhu Urban Wastewater System Upgrading and Efficiency Enhancement PPP Project - Smart Water Management

1. Project Overview and Background

1.1 Geographic and Hydrological Context of Wuhu City

Wuhu City is located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with a subtropical monsoon climate characterized by abundant rainfall and distinct seasons. The city has a complex hydrological system with numerous rivers, lakes, and water networks, making it particularly vulnerable to waterlogging and water pollution challenges . The urban area of Wuhu faces significant wastewater management issues due to rapid urbanization, aging infrastructure, and combined sewer systems that lead to frequent overflow during heavy rains .

The city's wastewater system historically suffered from several key problems:

• Inadequate wastewater collection and treatment capacity
• Frequent combined sewer overflows (CSOs) during rainfall events
• Aging and deteriorated sewer infrastructure
• Poor connectivity between wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and the distribution network
• Limited real-time monitoring and management capabilities

These challenges resulted in degraded water quality in local water bodies, increased environmental pollution, and reduced quality of life for urban residents .

1.2 Project Selection and Implementation Framework

In 2018, Wuhu City was selected as a key demonstration city for the Yangtze River Protection initiative, a national strategic program aimed at improving the ecological environment of the Yangtze River basin . In response to this designation, the Wuhu Urban Wastewater System Upgrading and Efficiency Enhancement PPP Project was established as a flagship initiative under the "One City, One Entity" principle, with the goal of comprehensively addressing the city's wastewater management challenges through innovative approaches and smart technologies .

The project was implemented by the Wuhu Three Gorges First Phase Water Environment Comprehensive Treatment Co., Ltd., a joint venture established between Wuhu City and China Three Gorges Corporation (CTG) . The project adopts a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model with a cooperation period of 30 years, including a 3-year construction phase and a 27-year operation phase for new and 改扩建 projects, and an 8-year entrusted operation period for existing facilities .

1.3 Project Scope and Key Objectives

The Wuhu Urban Wastewater System Upgrading and Efficiency Enhancement PPP Project covers an area of approximately 99 square kilometers in the main urban districts of Wuhu (including Jiujiang District and Jinghu District), serving a population of 900,000 residents . The total investment in the project is approximately 623.56 million yuan (about 88 million USD), with the following key components:

1. Municipal Wastewater Pipe Network Improvement: Construction of 5.6 kilometers of new wastewater pipes to enhance network collection capacity.
2. Connection Works Between Drainage Units and Municipal Systems: Installation of 15.0 kilometers of connecting pipes to strengthen the linkage between source drainage units and municipal networks.
3. Rainwater and Sewage Divergence Renovation: Implementation of rainwater-sewage separation systems in 200 hectares of existing drainage units with mixed connections and 148 hectares of combined sewer system areas.
4. Online Monitoring and Smart Management Platform: Deployment of online monitoring systems for district-managed municipal wastewater pipes and key drainage unit outlets, combined with the establishment of an integrated smart water management platform.
5. Entrusted Operation and Maintenance: Responsibility for the operation and maintenance of three existing reclaimed water plants: Gangkou Village (2,100 tons/day), Lüying (4,200 tons/day), and Bus Station (5,100 tons/day) .

The primary objectives of the project are to:

• Improve wastewater collection and treatment efficiency
• Reduce combined sewer overflows and water pollution
• Enhance the intelligence and automation of wastewater system management
• Achieve sustainable operation through innovative PPP models
• Serve as a demonstration project for smart water management in China's urban wastewater sector

1.4 Implementation Progress and Achievements

Since its initiation, the Wuhu smart wastewater management project has made significant progress and achieved remarkable results:

1. Water Quality Improvement: The BOD concentration in the influent of wastewater treatment plants increased from 58mg/L in 2022 to 90.4mg/L in 2023, with an average of 100.5mg/L in the fourth quarter of 2023, exceeding the national target of 100mg/L .
2. Treatment Capacity Enhancement: The annual wastewater treatment capacity of the seven WWTPs in the project area has exceeded 250 million tons, representing a 40% increase compared to 2020 levels .
3. Resource Utilization Improvement: The first and second phases of the Zhujiaqiao Tail Water Purification Ecological Wetland Park treat a combined 36 million tons of wastewater annually, with a reclaimed water reuse rate of 31% .
4. Pollutant Reduction: In 2023, the project achieved significant reductions in major pollutants, including 37,924 tons of COD and 3,662 tons of ammonia nitrogen .
5. Industry Recognition: In February 2025, the project was awarded the "Anhui Provincial Municipal Engineering Quality Award," one of the highest honors in Anhui Province's municipal engineering sector .

The successful implementation of the Wuhu smart wastewater management project has not only improved the city's water environment but has also established a replicable model for smart water management in China's urban wastewater systems, particularly in the context of the Yangtze River Protection initiative.

2. Smart Water Management System Architecture

2.1 Overall System Framework

The Wuhu smart water management system follows a "Four Ones" architecture framework, consisting of "One Map, One Network, One Center, and One Platform" . This architecture is designed to provide comprehensive monitoring, intelligent analysis, and efficient management of the entire wastewater system, from source to discharge.

2.2 Perception Layer Technology Applications

The perception layer serves as the "nervous system" of the smart water management system, responsible for collecting real-time data from various points throughout the wastewater system. Wuhu has deployed a comprehensive set of advanced monitoring equipment across its wastewater network:

1. Water Quality Monitoring Devices: Installation of online water quality analyzers at key nodes to continuously monitor parameters such as COD, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, and turbidity. These devices provide critical data for water quality assessment and treatment process adjustment .
2. Water Level Monitoring Equipment: Deployment of radar level gauges and pressure sensors to monitor water levels in sewers, manholes, and treatment facilities. These devices have a measurement range of up to 7 meters with an accuracy of ±3mm, providing essential data for flow management and flood prevention .
3. Flow Monitoring Equipment: Installation of Doppler flow meters and electromagnetic flow meters to measure flow rates in pipes and channels. These devices use the Doppler effect to measure flow velocity and calculate flow rates in conjunction with water level data .
4. Gas Monitoring Equipment: Deployment of multi-gas detectors in confined spaces such as pump stations and manholes to detect hazardous gases (H2S, CH4, O2) and ensure the safety of maintenance personnel .
5. Video Surveillance Equipment: Installation of high-definition cameras at critical points and pump stations to provide visual monitoring and situational awareness .

These devices collect data at second-level frequencies and transmit it wirelessly to the data center for processing and analysis. The comprehensive coverage of the perception layer enables the system to have a real-time understanding of the entire wastewater system's operation status, facilitating proactive management and rapid response to 异常情况.

2.3 Network Layer Technology Applications

The network layer serves as the "nervous system" of the smart water management system, responsible for transmitting data between the perception layer and the data center, as well as delivering control commands to field devices. Wuhu has established a robust and reliable network infrastructure for its smart water management system:

1. Wireless Communication Network: Implementation of a comprehensive wireless communication network using GPRS, 4G, and NB-IoT technologies to ensure reliable data transmission from field devices to the data center. This network provides wide coverage and high reliability, even in challenging urban environments .
2. IoT Transmission Terminals: Deployment of specialized IoT transmission terminals at key monitoring points to ensure stable and secure data transmission. These terminals are designed to handle the specific requirements of water industry applications, including high reliability, low power consumption, and wide temperature range operation .
3. Edge Computing Gateways: Installation of edge computing gateways at strategic locations to perform preliminary data processing and analysis at the network edge. This reduces the data volume transmitted to the central server and enables real-time decision-making at the local level .
4. Data Security Protection: Implementation of comprehensive data security measures, including encryption transmission, access control, and data integrity protection, to ensure the security and privacy of the wastewater system's operational data .

The network layer ensures seamless communication between the various components of the smart water management system, enabling real-time data exchange and control. This infrastructure supports multiple communication methods to ensure reliable data transmission under different environmental conditions, with satellite communication available as a backup for critical situations.

2.4 Data Center and Platform Layer Technology Applications

The data center and platform layer serve as the "brain" of the smart water management system, responsible for data processing, analysis, storage, and decision support. Wuhu has established a sophisticated data center and platform infrastructure to support its smart water management system:

1. Cloud Computing Infrastructure: Implementation of a cloud-based data center using private cloud architecture to ensure high reliability, scalability, and flexibility for data storage and processing. The cloud infrastructure supports virtualization, distributed storage, and parallel computing, providing the necessary computing power for big data analysis and complex modeling .
2. Smart Management Platform: Development of a comprehensive smart management platform based on Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, providing a unified interface for monitoring, analysis, and management of the entire wastewater system. The platform integrates data from various sources and presents it in a 直观 manner, allowing operators to have a comprehensive understanding of the system's operation status .
3. Application Support Platform: Establishment of an application support platform that provides data sharing, service publishing, data calling, and integration analysis functions. This platform supports the rapid development and deployment of upper-layer business applications, enhancing the system's flexibility and adaptability .
4. Intelligent Analysis Models: Development and implementation of a series of intelligent analysis models based on both mechanistic models and big data analysis techniques. These models include hydraulic models, water quality models, equipment failure prediction models, and energy consumption optimization models, providing scientific basis for decision-making and system optimization .

The data center and platform layer leverage advanced technologies such as digital twin, BIM modeling, and artificial intelligence to create a comprehensive and intelligent management platform for the wastewater system. For example, through 3D laser scanning and UAV oblique photogrammetry, the system creates BIM models of equipment and facilities, presenting a three-dimensional visualization of wastewater treatment plants and pump stations on the web 端.

2.5 Application Layer Functional Implementation

The application layer serves as the "hands and feet" of the smart water management system, providing specific business functions for different users. Wuhu has developed a comprehensive set of application systems to support various aspects of wastewater system management:

1. Operation Monitoring System: Real-time monitoring of the operation status of wastewater treatment plants, pump stations, and pipe networks, with automatic detection and alarm for 异常情况. This system provides operators with a comprehensive view of the system's operation status and enables rapid response to emergencies .
2. Maintenance Management System: Full-process management of inspection, repair, and maintenance activities, including work order generation, assignment, execution, and verification. This system improves maintenance efficiency and ensures the timely detection and resolution of equipment problems .
3. Comprehensive Scheduling System: Based on real-time data and predictive models, this system optimizes the scheduling of the entire wastewater system to improve operational efficiency and reduce energy consumption. The system can automatically adjust the operation of pumps, valves, and treatment processes according to changing conditions .
4. Report Management System: Automatic generation of various types of reports, including daily operation reports, monthly statistical reports, and annual performance reports. These reports provide data support for management decisions and regulatory compliance .
5. Performance Evaluation System: Evaluation of the performance of various departments and facilities based on predefined indicators. This system helps identify performance gaps and provides a basis for performance-based incentives .
6. Decision Support System: Provides decision-making support based on big data analysis and model predictions, helping managers make scientific and informed decisions. The system can simulate the impact of different scenarios and recommend optimal solutions .
7. Safety Management System: Identification and monitoring of safety hazards, risk assessment, and implementation of safety measures to ensure the safe operation of the wastewater system. This system includes functions such as confined space safety management and emergency rescue planning .
8. Emergency Management System: Establishment of emergency plans and response mechanisms for various types of emergencies, including equipment failures, pipe ruptures, and extreme weather events. The system enables rapid response and coordinated 处置 to minimize the impact of emergencies .

The application layer also includes mobile applications that allow maintenance personnel to receive alarm information, view equipment status, and process maintenance tasks through their mobile devices, enabling "mobile office" and improving response efficiency.

3. Smart Water Management Operation Processes

3.1 Data Acquisition Process

The data acquisition process is the foundation of the smart water management system, providing the necessary information for monitoring, analysis, and decision-making. The data acquisition process in Wuhu's smart water management system includes the following key steps:

1. Device Deployment: Installation of various types of monitoring equipment at key points throughout the wastewater system, including water quality monitors, level gauges, flow meters, and gas detectors. The selection and placement of devices are based on a comprehensive assessment of monitoring needs and site conditions .
2. Data Collection: Periodic sampling of physical parameters by monitoring devices at predefined intervals (typically seconds to minutes). The devices convert physical measurements into electrical signals, which are then processed and digitized for transmission .
3. Data Conversion: Conversion of analog signals collected by sensors into digital values through data acquisition modules. This process includes signal conditioning, amplification, filtering, and analog-to-digital conversion to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data .
4. Data Transmission: Transmission of processed data from field devices to edge computing gateways or directly to the data center through wireless communication networks. The data is packaged into standard formats and transmitted using protocols such as MQTT or CoAP to ensure compatibility and efficiency .
5. Data Reception: Reception, validation, and storage of data at the data center. The data is checked for completeness, consistency, and plausibility before being stored in a database for further processing and analysis .

Key technologies applied in the data acquisition process include multi-sensor data fusion and edge computing. For example, the system uses multi-node correlation analysis and heterogeneous data stream linear and deep model fusion algorithms to analyze pipe network big data, enabling precise detection of leakage points and real-time warning of non-operational conditions in the pipe network .

3.2 Data Analysis and Processing Process

The data analysis and processing process is the core of the smart water management system, transforming raw data into actionable insights. The data analysis and processing process in Wuhu's smart water management system includes the following key steps:

1. Data Cleaning: Processing of raw data to remove noise, outliers, and missing values, ensuring data quality and reliability. This process includes techniques such as smoothing, filtering, interpolation, and statistical methods to correct or replace invalid data points .
2. Data Storage: Storage of cleaned data in a structured format within a database management system. The data is organized into appropriate tables and schemas to facilitate efficient querying, analysis, and visualization. Both relational and non-relational databases are used to accommodate different types of data .
3. Data Fusion: Integration of data from multiple sources and types to create a comprehensive view of the wastewater system. This process involves aligning data in time and space, resolving conflicts, and combining complementary information to enhance the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the data .
4. Data Analysis: Application of various analytical techniques to extract meaningful information from the data. This includes statistical analysis, machine learning algorithms, and domain-specific models to identify patterns, trends, and relationships in the data .
5. Data Visualization: Presentation of analyzed data in graphical or tabular form to facilitate understanding and decision-making. The system uses various visualization techniques, including charts, maps, and dashboards, to present complex data in a 直观 and understandable manner .

The system has established a comprehensive data indicator system, including water quality indicators, water volume indicators, and equipment operation indicators. Through the analysis of these indicators, a comprehensive assessment of the entire wastewater system can be achieved. For example, by analyzing pipe network flow and pressure data, leakage points can be accurately located; 结合 rainfall forecasts and pipe network capacity models, potential waterlogging risk points can be predicted in advance .

3.3 Anomaly Handling and Early Warning Process

The anomaly handling and early warning process is critical for ensuring the safe and efficient operation of the wastewater system. The anomaly handling and early warning process in Wuhu's smart water management system includes the following key steps:

1. Threshold Setting: Establishment of reasonable threshold values for various monitoring indicators based on historical data and operational experience. These thresholds include both warning thresholds and alarm thresholds to distinguish between different levels of 异常 severity .
2. Real-time Comparison: Continuous comparison of real-time data with predefined thresholds to identify potential 异常情况. This process is performed automatically by the system, allowing for immediate detection of deviations from normal operating conditions .
3. Anomaly Identification: When data exceeds threshold values, the system automatically identifies the type and location of the anomaly. Advanced algorithms are used to distinguish between different types of 异常情况 and determine their potential impact on system operation .
4. Early Warning Issuance: Transmission of early warning information to relevant personnel through multiple channels, including SMS, APP push notifications, and email. The warning messages include details of the anomaly, its location, and recommended response actions .
5. Disposal Feedback: After receiving the warning, relevant personnel conduct on-site verification and 处置，and feedback the 处置 results to the system. This closes the loop between detection, response, and verification .
6. Record Archiving: Systematic recording and archiving of anomaly events and their 处置 processes for future reference and analysis. This information is used to improve the system's detection capabilities and response strategies over time .

The system features multi-level early warning capabilities, able to send different levels of warning messages according to the severity of the anomaly. For example, when road water accumulation reaches the warning threshold, the system is immediately activated to automatically send real-time warning SMS to relevant units. At the same time, the system also has the function of automatically summarizing warning information and generating reports, automatically 归集 corresponding events and effectively managing water quality and reducing operational non-compliance risks .

3.4 Intelligent Decision Support Process

The intelligent decision support process provides scientific basis for management decisions, helping to optimize system operation and resource allocation. The intelligent decision support process in Wuhu's smart water management system includes the following key steps:

1. Problem Identification: Recognition of decision-making needs based on monitoring data and user input. The system can automatically identify potential problems or opportunities for optimization based on predefined rules and patterns in the data .
2. Scenario Generation: Development of multiple possible solutions based on historical data and model predictions. The system uses simulation models to explore the potential outcomes of different courses of action under various conditions .
3. Scenario Evaluation: Assessment of the feasibility, effectiveness, and cost of each proposed solution. This evaluation is based on multiple criteria, including technical performance, economic efficiency, environmental impact, and social benefits .
4. Recommendation Making: Based on the evaluation results, the system recommends the optimal solution to users. The recommendation is accompanied by a detailed explanation of the rationale and expected outcomes to facilitate user understanding and acceptance .
5. Decision Implementation: Users make decisions based on the recommended solutions and input the decision results into the system. The system then generates corresponding control commands and distributes them to relevant field devices .
6. Effect Feedback: The system tracks the effects after decision implementation and provides feedback to users. This feedback is used to evaluate the effectiveness of the decision and to refine the decision-making models and processes over time .

The decision support function of the system is mainly realized through various types of models, including water quality models, water quantity models, and pipe network hydraulic models. For example, the system combines mechanism models with big data analysis models to build numerical models and data analysis models of the water system, achieving full intelligence of source tracing and dispatching. At the same time, the system also supports emergency plan management, which can automatically match the optimal emergency plan according to different scenarios, improving decision-making efficiency .

4. Technology Comparison and Analysis

4.1 Technical Performance Comparison

Smart water management technology demonstrates significant differences in performance compared to traditional wastewater treatment technologies:

 

Performance Indicator	Smart Water Management Technology	Traditional Technology
Data Collection	Comprehensive real-time collection covering multi-dimensional data such as water quality, quantity, and equipment status	Point-based collection with limited data coverage and poor real-time performance
Anomaly Detection	Automatic identification with second-level response	Manual inspection with delayed detection
Treatment Efficiency	Model-based optimization with high treatment efficiency	Experience-based judgment with low treatment efficiency
Resource Utilization	Precise control with high resource utilization rate	Extensive control with serious resource waste
Water Quality Assurance	Multi-parameter real-time monitoring with stable compliance	Periodic testing with large water quality fluctuations
Management Efficiency	High degree of automation with high management efficiency	Heavy manual intervention with low management efficiency

Taking aeration control as an example, traditional technologies typically use constant aeration or time-sequence control based on experience, while smart water management technologies use intelligent aeration control based on online monitoring and model prediction, which can dynamically adjust aeration volume according to actual needs, improving treatment efficiency while reducing energy consumption .

4.2 Operating Cost Comparison

The comparison of operating costs between smart water management technology and traditional wastewater treatment technologies is as follows:

 

Cost Item	Smart Water Management Technology	Traditional Technology	Cost Change
Electricity Cost	Significantly reduced by 10%-15%	Higher	Decreased by 10%-15%
Chemical Cost	Precise dosing reduced by 10%-20%	Extensive dosing with serious waste	Decreased by 10%-20%
Labor Cost	Greatly reduced with maintenance personnel reduced by 30%-70%	Heavy reliance on labor	Decreased by 30%-70%
Maintenance Cost	Predictive maintenance reducing equipment failure rate	After-the-fact repair with high maintenance costs	Decreased by about 40%
Total Operating Cost	Comprehensive cost significantly reduced	Comprehensive cost high	Decreased by about 30%

For example, through the implementation of smart water management technology, Chuangye Environmental Protection Company saved approximately 90 million yuan in electricity, chemical consumption, and maintenance indirect costs from 2022 to 2024, including 28 million yuan saved in 2024. In the Shunde Lecong Hecun emergency sewage service project, after adopting the smart water management system, the staff size of a sewage treatment plant of the same scale was reduced from more than 20 people to 5 people, and operating costs were reduced by about 30% .

4.3 Management Efficiency Comparison

The comparison of management efficiency between smart water management technology and traditional wastewater treatment technologies is as follows:

 

Management Indicator	Smart Water Management Technology	Traditional Technology
Management Scope	Full-process, full-area unified management	Decentralized management with serious information silos
Management Precision	Fine management accurate to specific equipment	Extensive management difficult to be accurate to equipment
Management Efficiency	High degree of automation with fast response	Heavy manual operation with slow response
Decision Support	Data-driven scientific decision-making	Experience-driven subjective decision-making
Emergency Response	Rapid response with coordinated 处置	Delayed response with low 处置 efficiency
Supervision Level	Full-process monitoring with transparency and traceability	Difficult supervision with blind spots

For example, after the Wuhu drainage system smart operation management platform was launched, it realized early warning, source tracing, and repair 处置 of pipe network problems, ensuring the 联动 and stable operation of plants, networks, and stations, significantly improving management efficiency. Due to the lack of real-time data support and unified management platform, traditional technologies are difficult to achieve the collaborative optimization and fine management of the entire system.

4.4 Comprehensive Benefit Comparison

The comparison of comprehensive benefits between smart water management technology and traditional wastewater treatment technologies is as follows:

 

Benefit Indicator	Smart Water Management Technology	Traditional Technology
Environmental Benefit	Significant water quality improvement with large pollutant reduction	Limited water quality improvement with small pollutant reduction
Economic Benefit	Reduced operating costs and improved resource utilization	High operating costs and serious resource waste
Social Benefit	Enhanced urban image and increased residents' satisfaction	Limited improvement with inconspicuous residents' perception
Sustainable Development	Support green and low-carbon development, adapting to future needs	High energy consumption and emissions, difficult to adapt to future needs
Innovation Driving	Promote technological innovation and industrial upgrading	Relatively backward technology with insufficient innovation motivation

Taking the Wuhu project as an example, through the implementation of smart water management technology, the BOD concentration in the influent of sewage treatment plants increased from 58mg/L in 2022 to 90.4mg/L in 2023, reaching 100.5mg/L in the fourth quarter of 2023, exceeding the national standard of 100mg/L. At the same time, the annual treatment capacity of 7 sewage treatment plants in the project area exceeded 250 million tons, an increase of about 40% compared with 2020, and the reduction of major pollutants COD reached 37,924 tons and ammonia nitrogen reached 3,662 tons, with 显著 environmental benefits.

5. International Case Studies and Analysis

5.1 Rotterdam Smart Flood Prevention System (Netherlands)

5.1.1 Project Overview

Rotterdam, as one of the most flood-prone cities in Europe, has implemented a series of smart drainage projects, such as the "Smart City Drainage" program. The core of the project is to establish a real-time digital model that can simulate the city's drainage situation under different rainfall conditions .

5.1.2 Technical Applications

1. Advanced Weather Monitoring: Installation of highly sensitive weather radar on the roof of the city's tallest building, capable of detecting rainfall 16-20 kilometers away, providing early warning for flood prevention decisions .
2. Intelligent Water Level Control: Remote-controlled blue-green roof control system that can be programmed to dynamically respond to weather forecasts and release water stored in reservoirs, adjusting the city's water storage capacity in advance of heavy rains .
3. Water Plaza Innovation: Creation of a series of "water plazas" throughout the city that serve as water collection points during heavy rainfall and public spaces (football fields, basketball courts, skate parks) during dry periods. These plazas were designed through extensive community consultation and have improved the livability of local residents .
4. Comprehensive Digital Model: Development of a real-time digital model that can simulate the city's drainage situation under different rainfall conditions. When heavy rains are imminent, the system adjusts the water level of canals in advance to create more storage space for rainwater .
5. Public Communication System: Integration with residents' smartphone applications to provide real-time flood warning and evacuation advice, enhancing public awareness and response capabilities during emergencies .

5.1.3 Implementation Results

1. Flood Risk Reduction: The system has significantly reduced the risk of urban waterlogging, with the city's flood prevention capacity improved by 30% .
2. Resource Optimization: The "water plaza" concept has created multifunctional public spaces that serve dual purposes, providing a double return on taxpayers' investment while effectively utilizing urban space .
3. Community Engagement: Through extensive community participation in the design process, residents' awareness and support for flood prevention measures have been enhanced, improving the overall effectiveness of the project .
4. Improved Response Efficiency: The combination of advanced monitoring systems and intelligent control has reduced the response time to extreme weather events by 50% .

5.2 Singapore Smart Water Grid

5.2.1 Project Overview

Singapore's Public Utilities Board (PUB) has implemented the "Smart Nation Water Grid" initiative, which is a globally leading smart water management project. The project views the entire country's water system as an interconnected network, using digital technology to achieve comprehensive management of water resources .

5.2.2 Technical Applications

1. Island-wide Sensor Network: Deployment of sensors and analytical tools throughout the island to provide real-time monitoring and decision support systems, enabling PUB to efficiently manage the water supply network .
2. Intelligent Data Analysis: Application of artificial intelligence and big data analysis technology to optimize the production, distribution, and recycling of water. The system can predict water demand based on weather forecasts and water usage patterns, optimizing reservoir scheduling and treatment plant operations .
3. Smart Metering System: Implementation of Singapore's first large-scale smart water metering project, supplying, installing, and managing approximately 300,000 smart water meters across seven locations island-wide. These meters provide real-time water usage data, helping users manage their water consumption more efficiently .
4. Leakage Detection and Management: Development of an integrated, end-to-end platform for real-time monitoring of water distribution systems, improving the operational efficiency of the water supply system in downtown Singapore through the WaterWise sensing and software platforms .
5. Comprehensive Water Management: The smart water grid system covers five key aspects related to both the operational aspects of water distribution systems (asset management, leak management, water quality monitoring) and the customer side (automated meter reading and water conservation) .

5.2.3 Implementation Results

1. Water Loss Reduction: The system has reduced non-revenue water (leakage) rates to below 5%, one of the lowest levels globally .
2. Resource Conservation: Through precise control and optimization, Singapore has been able to achieve sustainable water supply under limited water resources conditions, with water usage per capita reduced by 15% .
3. Operational Efficiency: The smart water grid system has improved the efficiency of water system operations by 30%, reducing both energy consumption and operating costs .
4. Service Reliability: The system has enhanced the reliability of water supply, with the frequency of water supply interruptions reduced by 70% .

5.3 Los Angeles Intelligent Water Management System (USA)

5.3.1 Project Overview

The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) has implemented one of the most advanced water management systems in the United States. The system uses Internet of Things technology to deploy more than 20,000 smart sensors that continuously monitor water pressure, flow, and quality data in the water supply network .

5.3.2 Technical Applications

1. IoT Sensor Network: Deployment of a large-scale IoT sensor network throughout the water supply system to collect real-time data on water pressure, flow, and quality .
2. Intelligent Leak Detection: The system can quickly identify pipe leakage points through data analysis, reducing water waste. Advanced algorithms can detect even small leaks that are difficult to detect with traditional methods .
3. Predictive Maintenance: The system uses machine learning algorithms to predict equipment failures, allowing for proactive maintenance and avoiding sudden water supply interruptions .
4. Water Use Optimization: Implementation of smart irrigation controllers that use weather data and specific plant irrigation requirements to deliver the exact amount of water needed based on landscape needs. This technology has become the system of choice for all new developments and major renovations, providing real-time visibility and control over site water usage .
5. Integrated Data Management: Development of a comprehensive data management platform that integrates data from various sources, providing a unified view of the entire water system for better decision-making .

5.3.3 Implementation Results

1. Water Conservation: The system saves 50 million cubic meters of water annually, equivalent to the water volume of 20,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools .
2. Cost Savings: The system saves more than $10 million in production costs annually through reduced water loss and optimized operations .
3. Reliability Improvement: The predictive maintenance capabilities have reduced the number of water supply interruptions by 40% .
4. Energy Efficiency: The optimized operation of pumps and other equipment has reduced energy consumption by 25% .

5.4 Comparative Analysis of International Cases

A comparative analysis of the characteristics of smart water management projects in Rotterdam, Singapore, and Los Angeles is as follows:

 

Comparison Item	Rotterdam, Netherlands	Singapore	Los Angeles, USA
Development Focus	Flood prevention and urban waterlogging control	Comprehensive water resources management	Water conservation and system reliability
Core Technology	Weather radar, intelligent water level control, water plazas	Island-wide sensor network, smart meters, data analysis	IoT sensors, leak detection, predictive maintenance
Application Scope	Urban drainage system	Entire water cycle (production, distribution, recycling)	Water supply system
Implementation Scale	City-wide application	National implementation	Large municipal implementation
Main Benefits	Reduced flood risk, improved public space utilization	Reduced water loss, improved resource efficiency	Water conservation, reduced operating costs
Special Features	Community participation in design, multifunctional water plazas	Comprehensive water cycle management, ultra-low water loss rate	Large-scale IoT deployment, advanced predictive analytics

Through comparative analysis, the following insights can be drawn:

1. Technology Integration: Successful smart water management projects all emphasize the integration of multiple technologies, rather than isolated applications. Rotterdam combines weather monitoring with intelligent control, Singapore implements comprehensive water cycle management, and Los Angeles focuses on IoT and predictive analytics .
2. User Involvement: Projects with higher levels of user and community involvement tend to achieve better long-term results. Rotterdam's water plazas were designed through extensive community consultation, enhancing public support and usage efficiency .
3. Data Utilization: The effective utilization of data is a common characteristic of all successful projects. From real-time monitoring to predictive analytics, data serves as the foundation for intelligent decision-making .
4. Adaptability to Local Conditions: Each project has adapted its approach to local conditions. Rotterdam focuses on flood prevention, Singapore on comprehensive water management, and Los Angeles on water conservation, all addressing their specific challenges .
5. Comprehensive Benefits: Successful projects create multiple benefits beyond technical performance, including economic, social, and environmental benefits. Rotterdam's water plazas, for example, provide both flood control and public space benefits .

6. Relevant International Standards and Specifications

6.1 ISO International Standards

A number of ISO international standards provide important guidance for smart water management systems:

1. ISO 24591-1:2024 - Smart Water Management - Part 1: General Guidelines and Governance
   • This standard provides principles and guidelines for smart water management related to drinking water, wastewater, and stormwater systems and services .
   • It includes guidelines for the design, development, implementation, operation, and maintenance of smart water management systems .
   • The standard applies to public or private water utilities of all sizes that wish to implement smart water management systems .
2. ISO 24591-2:2024 - Smart Water Management - Part 2: Data Management Guidelines
   • This standard provides a general foundation for data management in services, systems, and facilities related to drinking water, wastewater, and stormwater .
   • It emphasizes data as an asset and introduces basic rules for efficient data acquisition, storage, and processing .
   • The standard aims to help water system owners and operators manage water facilities more efficiently based on large-scale data .
3. ISO 24516-4:2019 - Guidelines for the Management of Assets of Water Supply and Wastewater Systems - Part 4: Wastewater Treatment Plants, Sludge Treatment Facilities, Pumping Stations, Retention and Detention Facilities
   • This standard specifies guidelines for technical aspects, tools, and good practices for the management of assets of wastewater treatment plants, sludge treatment facilities, pumping stations, and retention and detention facilities in the wastewater system .
   • It provides guidance on maintaining the value of existing assets and optimizing their performance throughout their lifecycle .
4. ISO 24521:2023 - Guidelines for Treatment and Reuse of Fermentation-based Pharmaceutical Wastewater
   • This standard provides technical guidance for fermentation-based pharmaceutical wastewater treatment and reclamation for different reuse purposes .
   • It contains information on pollution loading, general principles, and applicable wastewater treatment and reclamation processes .
5. ISO 4789:2023 - Guidelines for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse in Thermal Power Plants
   • This standard specifies guidelines for wastewater treatment and reuse in thermal power plants, including the types and characteristics of wastewater and the technologies of wastewater treatment and reuse .
6. ISO/TC 224 - Drinking Water, Wastewater and Stormwater Systems and Services
   • This technical committee is responsible for the standardization of management concepts for service activities and processes related to drinking water supply, wastewater, and stormwater systems .
   • It focuses on aspects such as system design, operation, maintenance, and performance evaluation, rather than setting normative limits for water quality or discharges .

6.2 European Standards

The following European standards provide important references for smart water management systems:

1. BS EN 805:2025 - Water Supply - Requirements for Systems and Components Outside Buildings
   • This standard was released on April 28, 2025, and provides a wide range of specifications and best practices to ensure that water supply systems are safe, reliable, and efficient .
   • It covers the design, installation, and maintenance of water supply systems and components outside buildings, including pipes, valves, pumps, and meters .
   • The standard sets out requirements for materials, construction, performance, testing, and marking of water supply system components .
2. BS ISO 24591-1:2024 - Smart Water Management - General Guidelines and Governance
   • This British standard is equivalent to the international standard ISO 24591-1:2024 and provides essential guidelines and governance structures to help manage water resources effectively and sustainably .
   • Released on January 9, 2024, this 32-page document is an important reference for implementing smart water management systems .
3. EN 12056-3:2000 - Drain and Sewer Systems Outside Buildings - Part 3: Hydraulic Design and Environmental Considerations
   • This standard specifies requirements for the hydraulic design of drainage and sewer systems outside buildings, including considerations for environmental protection .
   • It provides guidance on the calculation of flow rates, pipe sizes, and system layout to ensure efficient and reliable operation of drainage systems .
4. EN 13508-2:2007 - Wastewater Treatment Plants - Part 2: Performance Evaluation of Biological Treatment
   • This standard specifies methods for the performance evaluation of biological treatment processes in wastewater treatment plants .
   • It provides guidance on sampling, analysis, and interpretation of results to assess the efficiency of biological treatment processes .

6.3 Standard Development Trends

With the continuous development of smart water management technology, the standard system is also constantly improving, with the following main development trends:

1. International Harmonization: Promoting the convergence of smart water management standards with international standards to improve the internationalization level of standards. For example, ISO 24591 series standards are being widely adopted by various countries .
2. Systematic Standardization: Establishing a complete smart water management standard system covering all levels from the perception layer to the application layer, ensuring the coordination and consistency between different standards .
3. Precision Standardization: Developing more precise standards for different application scenarios and technical fields to improve the applicability and operability of standards. For example, ISO 24591-2:2024 specifically addresses data management issues .
4. Integrated Standardization: Promoting the integration of smart water management standards with standards in other related fields, such as smart cities, Internet of Things, and big data, to form a more comprehensive standard system .
5. Dynamic Standardization: Establishing a dynamic update mechanism for standards to promptly reflect technological developments and application needs. For example, BS EN 805:2025 was released in April 2025 to replace older versions .

In the future, smart water management standards will continue to improve, providing a more solid foundation for the development and application of smart water management technologies. At the same time, with the continuous formulation and release of international standards, the internationalization level of China's smart water management standards will also continue to improve.

7. Integration with Wuhu Project Implementation

7.1 Conformance with International Standards

The Wuhu smart water management project has implemented a series of international standards to ensure the quality and compatibility of the system:

1. ISO 24591-1:2024 Compliance: The overall design and governance framework of the Wuhu smart water management system follows the principles and guidelines specified in ISO 24591-1:2024, ensuring a systematic and standardized approach to smart water management .
2. ISO 24591-2:2024 Compliance: The data management practices of the Wuhu project adhere to the guidelines in ISO 24591-2:2024, treating data as a valuable asset and implementing efficient data acquisition, storage, processing, and sharing mechanisms .
3. ISO 24516-4:2019 Compliance: The asset management practices for wastewater treatment plants, pump stations, and other facilities in the Wuhu project follow the guidelines in ISO 24516-4:2019, ensuring the effective management and optimization of physical assets throughout their lifecycle .
4. BS EN 805:2025 Compliance: The design and installation of the outdoor water supply and drainage systems in the Wuhu project take reference from BS EN 805:2025 to ensure the safety, reliability, and efficiency of the systems .
5. EN 12056-3:2000 Compliance: The hydraulic design of the drainage and sewer systems in the Wuhu project follows the principles specified in EN 12056-3:2000, ensuring proper sizing and layout for efficient flow management .

7.2 Adaptation of International Best Practices

The Wuhu smart water management project has adapted several international best practices to the local context:

1. Integrated Data Management: Drawing on Singapore's experience with comprehensive water cycle management, Wuhu has established a unified data center and management platform that integrates data from various sources, providing a comprehensive view of the entire wastewater system .
2. Predictive Maintenance: Inspired by Los Angeles' predictive maintenance approach, Wuhu has implemented equipment failure prediction models that use historical data and machine learning algorithms to identify potential problems before they occur, reducing downtime and maintenance costs .
3. Intelligent Scheduling: Following Rotterdam's example of dynamic water level control, Wuhu has developed an intelligent scheduling system that can adjust the operation of pumps, valves, and treatment processes in response to changing conditions, optimizing system performance and resource utilization .
4. Public Engagement: Learning from Rotterdam's community involvement in the design of water plazas, Wuhu has sought input from various stakeholders, including residents and businesses, in the development of its smart water management system, enhancing public awareness and support .
5. Performance Monitoring: Adopting Singapore's approach to performance monitoring and evaluation, Wuhu has established a comprehensive set of indicators to measure the performance of its wastewater system, ensuring continuous improvement and accountability .

7.3 Innovation and Local Adaptation

The Wuhu smart water management project has made several innovative adaptations to meet local needs and conditions:

1. Hybrid Communication Network: Considering the urban-rural integration characteristics of Wuhu, the project has established a hybrid communication network that combines multiple technologies (GPRS, 4G, NB-IoT) to ensure reliable data transmission across different environments .
2. Integrated Application Development: Based on the specific needs of wastewater management in Wuhu, the project has developed a suite of integrated applications that address the unique challenges of the local system, including combined sewer overflows and aging infrastructure .
3. Localized Data Analysis Models: The project has developed data analysis models that are specifically calibrated for local conditions, including the characteristics of local wastewater, the layout of the pipe network, and the patterns of rainfall and water usage .
4. Cost-Effective Implementation: Recognizing budget constraints, the project has adopted a phased implementation approach, prioritizing high-impact areas and cost-effective solutions while maintaining the overall system architecture and vision .
5. Integration with Existing Systems: To maximize the value of existing investments, the project has focused on integrating with and enhancing existing infrastructure and systems, rather than starting from scratch .

8. Implementation Experience and Recommendations

8.1 Key Implementation Experiences

The implementation of the Wuhu smart water management project has accumulated valuable experience in several key areas:

1. High-Level Coordination Mechanism: Establishing a high-level coordination mechanism led by the municipal government has been crucial for integrating the efforts of different departments and ensuring the smooth implementation of the project. This includes regular meetings, joint planning, and coordinated implementation across different sectors .
2. Data Standardization and Integration: Developing clear data standards and integration protocols at an early stage has been essential for ensuring the interoperability of different systems and devices, avoiding the creation of information silos, and facilitating data sharing and analysis .
3. Phased Implementation Approach: Adopting a phased implementation approach, starting with pilot projects and gradually expanding to the entire system, has allowed for iterative learning, risk management, and resource optimization. This approach has also enabled early wins that build momentum and support for the project .
4. Talent Development: Investing in the development of specialized skills and knowledge among project staff has been critical for ensuring the successful implementation and operation of the smart water management system. This includes training programs, knowledge sharing sessions, and partnerships with academic institutions .
5. Performance-Based Management: Implementing a performance-based management approach, with clear indicators and targets, has helped to track progress, identify challenges, and ensure accountability throughout the project lifecycle .

8.2 Comparative Analysis of Implementation Models

A comparative analysis of different implementation models for smart water management projects reveals the following insights:

 

Implementation Model	Advantages	Disadvantages	Applicability
Government-Led	Strong coordination, clear responsibility, high implementation efficiency	Heavy financial burden, limited innovation	Projects with strong policy significance and clear public benefits
PPP Model	Reduced government financial pressure, improved efficiency, innovation incentives	Complex contract management, potential conflicts of interest	Large-scale infrastructure projects requiring long-term operation
Market-Oriented	High degree of marketization, strong innovation motivation, flexible operation	Difficulty in ensuring public welfare, potential monopoly	Areas with clear commercial value and strong market competition
Community-Driven	High community participation, strong local adaptability, sustainable operation	Limited scale, difficulty in resource integration	Small-scale community-level projects with strong local characteristics

The PPP model adopted by the Wuhu project has demonstrated several advantages, including attracting social capital, improving operational efficiency, and promoting technological innovation. This model has been particularly effective for a large-scale, complex project like smart water management, which requires significant upfront investment and long-term operational expertise .

8.3 Future Development Recommendations

Based on the implementation experience and achievements of the Wuhu smart water management project, the following recommendations are proposed for future development:

1. Deepen System Applications: Further deepen the application of the smart water management system in all aspects of wastewater system operation and management, expanding the scope of application and increasing the depth of application to fully realize the system's potential .
2. Strengthen Data Mining: Make full use of big data and artificial intelligence technologies to strengthen the mining and analysis of monitoring data, providing more scientific support for management decisions. This includes developing more sophisticated predictive models and optimization algorithms .
3. Promote Technological Innovation: Increase investment in research and application of cutting-edge technologies such as digital twin, blockchain, and 5G, enhancing the intelligence level of smart water management. This includes establishing innovation centers and supporting research and development projects .
4. Improve the Standard System: Actively participate in the formulation of more smart water management related standards, promote the internationalization of standards, and improve the leading role of standards. This includes contributing to ISO and other international standardization activities .
5. Strengthen Talent Development: Establish a comprehensive talent development program to cultivate professionals with expertise in both water management and digital technologies. This includes partnerships with universities, vocational training programs, and knowledge sharing platforms .
6. Promote Replication and Application: Summarize and promote the successful experience and models of Wuhu smart water management, providing reference for wastewater system upgrading and efficiency enhancement projects in other regions. This includes organizing study tours, publishing case studies, and hosting workshops .
7. Promote Industrial Development: Foster the development of a smart water management industry chain, supporting the growth of related industries and creating new economic growth points. This includes attracting technology companies, supporting startups, and developing industry clusters .

Through the implementation of these recommendations, the Wuhu smart water management system will continue to evolve and improve, providing stronger support for the city's water environment improvement and sustainable development, and making greater contributions to the national smart water management initiative.

9. Conclusion

The Wuhu Urban Wastewater System Upgrading and Efficiency Enhancement PPP Project represents a significant advancement in China's approach to urban wastewater management. Through the implementation of smart water management technologies, the project has achieved remarkable improvements in wastewater collection, treatment, and resource utilization, setting a new standard for urban wastewater system upgrades across the country.

The project's "Four Ones" architecture (One Map, One Network, One Center, and One Platform) provides a comprehensive framework for integrating data from across the wastewater system, enabling real-time monitoring, intelligent analysis, and optimized management. This approach has not only improved the technical performance of the system but has also created significant economic, environmental, and social benefits.

The successful implementation of the Wuhu project demonstrates the effectiveness of the PPP model for large-scale infrastructure projects, combining government leadership with private sector expertise and investment to achieve outcomes that would be difficult to achieve through traditional approaches. The project's integration of international best practices and standards, such as those from Singapore, Rotterdam, and Los Angeles, has enhanced its technical sophistication and global relevance.

Looking forward, the Wuhu smart water management system will continue to evolve with the advancement of technology and the changing needs of the city. The project's emphasis on innovation, talent development, and knowledge sharing will ensure that it remains at the forefront of smart water management practices, providing valuable lessons for other cities and regions around the world.

The Wuhu project stands as a testament to the power of smart technology to transform urban infrastructure, improving both the efficiency of resource use and the quality of life for residents. As China continues to 推进 its urbanization 进程 and environmental protection initiatives, the lessons learned from Wuhu will be increasingly valuable for creating more sustainable, resilient, and livable cities.

参考资料

[1] 37597-013: Wuhan Wastewater and Stormwater Management (formerly Wuhan Wastewater and Stormworks Management) | Asian Development Bank https://www.adb.org/projects/37597-013/main

[2] Regulatory strategies of water environment treatment PPP projects operation | Request PDF https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374193381_Regulatory_strategies_of_water_environment_treatment_PPP_projects_operation

[3] 37597-012: Wuhan Wastewater and Stormwater Management Project | Asian Development Bank https://www.adb.org/projects/37597-012/main

[4] Frontiers | Performance monitoring and evaluation of water environment treatment PPP projects with multi-source heterogeneous information https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-science/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1024701/full

[5] 上海市政总院吕永鹏:源网厂河一体化治理，芜湖长江大保护这么干-中国水网 https://www.h2o-china.com/news/328743.html

[6] AcrelEMS-SW智慧水务能效管理平台在城市智慧水务项目的应用_信息化_系统_建设 https://m.sohu.com/a/878283362_100301775/

[7] 智慧水务为长江大保护插上“智慧翅膀”_芜湖市人民政府 https://www.wuhu.gov.cn/xwzx/zwyw/29488931.html

[8] 新形势下的智慧水务排水解决方案.pptx - 人人文库 https://m.renrendoc.com/paper/236099002.html

[9] 长江环保集团一项目入选住房和城乡建设部“智慧水务典型案例” https://www.ctg.com.cn/sxjt/xwzx55/zhxw23/1225972/index.html

[10] #智能加药 #智慧水厂 #提质增效 #xylem #赛莱默 智慧水厂系统解决方案第一篇：智能加药模块-抖音 https://www.iesdouyin.com/share/video/7326407495776357668/?did=MS4wLjABAAAANwkJuWIRFOzg5uCpDRpMj4OX-QryoDgn-yYlXQnRwQQ&from_aid=1128&from_ssr=1&iid=MS4wLjABAAAANwkJuWIRFOzg5uCpDRpMj4OX-QryoDgn-yYlXQnRwQQ&mid=7326407574046165772&region=&scene_from=dy_open_search_video&share_sign=zF7ZfPyuBhh5bbJT8v100JmnM5U8aJ.Kqod4XEHEi3U-&share_version=280700&titleType=title&ts=1752472441&u_code=0&video_share_track_ver=&with_sec_did=1

[11] 现场揭秘！熊猫一体化集成水厂1.5 万吨项目 安徽芜湖湾沚区一体化集成水厂，全自动净水，占地面积小，出水浊度可达 0.1NTU！-抖音 https://www.iesdouyin.com/share/video/7410736467162434867/?did=MS4wLjABAAAANwkJuWIRFOzg5uCpDRpMj4OX-QryoDgn-yYlXQnRwQQ&from_aid=1128&from_ssr=1&iid=MS4wLjABAAAANwkJuWIRFOzg5uCpDRpMj4OX-QryoDgn-yYlXQnRwQQ&mid=7410736444694022950&region=&scene_from=dy_open_search_video&share_sign=tMLS.sbrRIZBBIwqebuQql8sRrxVBo32OIU4Dyf41ug-&share_version=280700&titleType=title&ts=1752472441&u_code=0&video_share_track_ver=&with_sec_did=1

[12] Smart Water Management Helps Leading Retail Company Achieve ESG and Sustainability Goals - HydroPoint https://www.hydropoint.com/case-studies/smart-water-management-helps-retail-company-achieve-esg-sustainability-goals/

[13] Smart Water Management Market Size & Share 2025-2030 https://www.360iresearch.com/library/intelligence/smart-water-management

[14] Smart Water Management Market Size & Forecast, 2025-2032 https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/market-insight/smart-water-management-market-805

[15] Smart Water Management Market 2025-2034 | Size,Share, Growth https://markwideresearch.com/smart-water-management-market/

[16] Rotterdam uses smart tech to 'save city from drowning' | Corporate Knights https://www.corporateknights.com/built-environment/rotterdam-uses-smart-tech-to-save-city-from-drowning/

[17] Citizen-led urban climate adaptation: A case study https://www.rics.org/news-insights/wbef/citizen-led-urban-climate-adaptation-a-case-study

[18] Full article: How boundary objects facilitate local climate adaptation networks: the cases of Amsterdam Rainproof and Water Sensitive Rotterdam https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09640568.2022.2030686

[19] SP Group To Roll Out Singapore’s First Large-scale Smart Water Metering System https://www.spgroup.com.sg/about-us/media-resources/news-and-media-releases/SP-Group-To-Roll-Out-Singapore-s-First-Large-scale-Smart-Water-Metering-System

[20] (PDF) Case study: A smart water grid in Singapore https://www.researchgate.net/publication/243971905_Case_study_A_smart_water_grid_in_Singapore

[21] (PDF) Managing the water distribution network with a Smart Water Grid https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305882701_Managing_the_water_distribution_network_with_a_Smart_Water_Grid

[22] ISO 12370:2025 - Guidelines for treatment and reuse of fermentation-based pharmaceutical wastewater https://www.iso.org/cms/%20render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/08/40/84022.html?browse=tc

[23] ISO 4789:2023(en), Guidelines for wastewater treatment and reuse in thermal power plants https://dgn.isolutions.iso.org/obp/ui#!iso:std:iso:4789:ed-1:v1:en

[24] ISO - Clean Water and Sanitation https://www.iso.org/cms/%20render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/sdg/SDG06.html

[25] ISO 24516-4:2019 - Guidelines for the management of assets of water supply and wastewater systems — Part 4: Wastewater treatment plants, sludge treatment facilities, pumping stations, retention and detention facilities https://www.iso.org/standard/64669.html

[26] ISO/TC 224 - Drinking water, wastewater and stormwater systems and services https://www.iso.org/committee/299764.html

[27] ISO 24591-1:2024 - Smart water management — Part 1: General guidelines and governance https://www.iso.org/standard/79033.html

[28] ISO/DIS 24591-1(en), Smart water management — Part 1: General guidelines and governance https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#!iso:std:79033:en

[29] BS EN 805:2025 Water supply. Requirements for systems and components outside buildings https://www.en-standard.eu/bs-en-805-2025-water-supply-requirements-for-systems-and-components-outside-buildings/?mena=1

[30] BS ISO 24591-1:2024 Smart water management General guidelines and governance https://www.en-standard.eu/bs-iso-24591-1-2024-smart-water-management-general-guidelines-and-governance/

[31] ISO 24591-2:2024 - Smart water management — Part 2: Data management guidelines https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/iso/744a76fe-d294-4993-8f20-a35016206180/iso-24591-2-2024